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Transgenic Plants

Genes That Introduce New Traits

Genes That Improve Quality

Genes That Protect A Crop

One emerging use in engeneering genes for plants is to improve the quality of it. Immediately after harvesting fruits and vegetables they begin to deteriorate in nutritional value, overall appeareance and taste. Delaying or preventing this deterioration mantains the plant's flavor, aspects and nutritional value making them last longer on shelves.

The major use of plant engineering has been to protect them from insects and weeds making them easier to grow. Insect resistance has been achieved by transforming a crop using BT gene (Bacillus Thuringiensis) this gene disrupts the digestive system of insects while eating the plant. for example when the insect that is eating the plant and it's body spots the Bt gene the insect stops eating and dies of starvation. Several types of Bts have ben modified to attack a specific type of insect such as: caterpillars and beetles.

An approach to improve the economic value of a crop, is to give them completely new traits. For example: crops suchs as tomatoes, bananas and potatoes have been modified with genes from *pathogenic organisms. This is useful in the way that animals that consume them including humans are immune to the diseases caused by pathogens in other words to prevent diseases.

*pathogenic: Medical tem that descibes viruses (or any type of germ) that can cause a disease.

Top 6 GM* Crops:

Agricultural Applications

What Are Transgenic Plants?

Squash

Corn

Soybeans

The genes that are inserted into a plant can be classified into each of the following three categories.

  • Plants that contain artificially inserted genes instead of the plant getting them through pollination. The inserted transgene* may come from various different plants.

Potato

Cotton

Papaya

GM*= Genetically Modified

*transgenic=inserted gene sequence

AP Bio

5th Hour

DNA Technology Assignment

Procedure

By:

Ingrid Burgos

Jeanette Valles

Saul Ramirez

1. Extracting the desired DNA: Removing of DNA from the desired plant or organism.

2. Cloning the gene of interest: all DNA is extracted at once, scientists use gene cloning to separate the single gene of interest from the rest of the genes extracted to make thousands of copy.

3. Designing the gene so it can easily be inserted into the plant.

4. Transformation: the inheritable change in a cell or organism brought about by the uptake and establishment of introduced DNA.

5. Plant breeding: exstensive evaluation process to find out wether the inserted gene was a success.

Vocabulary To Know:

Artificial Selection: Intentional reproduction of individuals in a population that have desirable traits.

Mutation Breeding (Variation Breeding): Process of exposing seeds to chemicals or radiation in order to generate mutants.

Biotechnology: Use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products.

Recombinant DNA: Fragment of DNA compose of sequences originating from at least two sources.

Cash Crops: An agriculture crop which is grown for sale to return a profit.

Pros

Cons

-Accidental ingestion in laboratories producing the seeds.

-Increase productivity while reducing pesticide use.

*Genetic Engineering: Altering the sequence of DNA molecules.

Genetic Screening: Process by which an individuals DNA is scanned for genetic mutations.

Selective Breeding(Artificial Slection): Process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits.

-There is not enough information on wether gentically engineered plants are safe for human cosumption.

-Develope pest-tolerant plants that target specific pests and are safe for human consumption.

Biotech Products- Transgenic plants and animals

-advanced technology used in crops may force third world farmers to depend on international seed companies.

*Genetic Modification: Living organisms whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering.

-Improvements in nutritive values of plants resulting in improving health in poor countries inexspensively.

-Produce medicine at a low cost .

-There's a risk that genetically engineered genes could be introduced into wild plants, reducing biodiversity and creating super-weeds while reducing pesticide use.

-Remove harmful allergens from plants.

Interesting Facts:

Transgenic plants do not pass their genes to exsisting seeds.

First genetically modified crop was produced in 1982, an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant.

Top 5 GM Crop Producing Countries

1. U.S.A.- 73.1 Million Hectares

2. Brazil- 42.2 Million Hectares

3. Argentina- 24.3 Million Hectares

4. Canada- 11.6 Million Hectares

4. India- 11.6 Million Hectares

Transgenic trait Crops

Insect resistance Corn, Cotton, Potato, Tomato

Herbicide tolerance Corn, Soybean, Cotton, Canola, Sugarbeet, Rice, Flax

Virus resistance Papaya, Squash, Potato

Altered oil composition Canola, Soybean

Delayed fruit ripening Tomato

Male sterility and restorer system (used to facilitate plant breeding) Chicory, Corn

Sources

McCown, Brent. "Transgenic Plants." Genetics. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 31 Jan. 2016 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

http://cls.casa.colostate.edu/transgeniccrops/what.html

http://www.maizecdna.org/outreach/tpe.html

https://isaaa.org/

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