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Genes That Introduce New Traits
Genes That Improve Quality
Genes That Protect A Crop
One emerging use in engeneering genes for plants is to improve the quality of it. Immediately after harvesting fruits and vegetables they begin to deteriorate in nutritional value, overall appeareance and taste. Delaying or preventing this deterioration mantains the plant's flavor, aspects and nutritional value making them last longer on shelves.
The major use of plant engineering has been to protect them from insects and weeds making them easier to grow. Insect resistance has been achieved by transforming a crop using BT gene (Bacillus Thuringiensis) this gene disrupts the digestive system of insects while eating the plant. for example when the insect that is eating the plant and it's body spots the Bt gene the insect stops eating and dies of starvation. Several types of Bts have ben modified to attack a specific type of insect such as: caterpillars and beetles.
An approach to improve the economic value of a crop, is to give them completely new traits. For example: crops suchs as tomatoes, bananas and potatoes have been modified with genes from *pathogenic organisms. This is useful in the way that animals that consume them including humans are immune to the diseases caused by pathogens in other words to prevent diseases.
*pathogenic: Medical tem that descibes viruses (or any type of germ) that can cause a disease.
Agricultural Applications
The genes that are inserted into a plant can be classified into each of the following three categories.
GM*= Genetically Modified
*transgenic=inserted gene sequence
AP Bio
5th Hour
DNA Technology Assignment
By:
Ingrid Burgos
Jeanette Valles
Saul Ramirez
1. Extracting the desired DNA: Removing of DNA from the desired plant or organism.
2. Cloning the gene of interest: all DNA is extracted at once, scientists use gene cloning to separate the single gene of interest from the rest of the genes extracted to make thousands of copy.
3. Designing the gene so it can easily be inserted into the plant.
4. Transformation: the inheritable change in a cell or organism brought about by the uptake and establishment of introduced DNA.
5. Plant breeding: exstensive evaluation process to find out wether the inserted gene was a success.
Vocabulary To Know:
Artificial Selection: Intentional reproduction of individuals in a population that have desirable traits.
Mutation Breeding (Variation Breeding): Process of exposing seeds to chemicals or radiation in order to generate mutants.
Biotechnology: Use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products.
Recombinant DNA: Fragment of DNA compose of sequences originating from at least two sources.
Cash Crops: An agriculture crop which is grown for sale to return a profit.
Pros
Cons
-Accidental ingestion in laboratories producing the seeds.
-Increase productivity while reducing pesticide use.
*Genetic Engineering: Altering the sequence of DNA molecules.
Genetic Screening: Process by which an individuals DNA is scanned for genetic mutations.
Selective Breeding(Artificial Slection): Process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits.
-There is not enough information on wether gentically engineered plants are safe for human cosumption.
-Develope pest-tolerant plants that target specific pests and are safe for human consumption.
Biotech Products- Transgenic plants and animals
-advanced technology used in crops may force third world farmers to depend on international seed companies.
*Genetic Modification: Living organisms whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering.
-Improvements in nutritive values of plants resulting in improving health in poor countries inexspensively.
-Produce medicine at a low cost .
-There's a risk that genetically engineered genes could be introduced into wild plants, reducing biodiversity and creating super-weeds while reducing pesticide use.
-Remove harmful allergens from plants.
Interesting Facts:
Transgenic plants do not pass their genes to exsisting seeds.
First genetically modified crop was produced in 1982, an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant.
Top 5 GM Crop Producing Countries
1. U.S.A.- 73.1 Million Hectares
2. Brazil- 42.2 Million Hectares
3. Argentina- 24.3 Million Hectares
4. Canada- 11.6 Million Hectares
4. India- 11.6 Million Hectares
Transgenic trait Crops
Insect resistance Corn, Cotton, Potato, Tomato
Herbicide tolerance Corn, Soybean, Cotton, Canola, Sugarbeet, Rice, Flax
Virus resistance Papaya, Squash, Potato
Altered oil composition Canola, Soybean
Delayed fruit ripening Tomato
Male sterility and restorer system (used to facilitate plant breeding) Chicory, Corn
Sources
McCown, Brent. "Transgenic Plants." Genetics. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 31 Jan. 2016 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
http://cls.casa.colostate.edu/transgeniccrops/what.html
http://www.maizecdna.org/outreach/tpe.html
https://isaaa.org/