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Learning Style Models

Most of us learn using a variety of input modalities (visual, auditory, kinesthetic), multiple types of intelligences, and multiple forms of cognitive styles. Together these form natural preferences or strengths that are very individualized.

Various researchers have developed models that explain how individuals learn.

We will introduce three of them here: VAK (Visual, Auditory and Kinesthetic), Kolb's Learning Styles Inventory, and Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory.

As an instructor, understanding individual learning preferences is important because it will encourage you to:

After you learn about the different models of the learning process, you should be able to:

Remember

all learning models are guides, not rules

Defining learning styles through sensory modalities is

easy

but probably oversimplifies things

most adult learners use all modalities to some degree or another

Presenting using PowerPoint with audio recording by itself does not guarantee that you are stimulating visual or auditory learning

But...

if well designed... it can speak to all three modalities

Other subjects, however, can benefit from visual thinking

visual

auditory

Do something different.

Anything.

Get students out of the "classroom"

create assignments that involve field trips, interviews, research

Physically draw something or do something in a video

Assign students "to do something"

during your lecture

try something for themselves

take notes

stretch

kinesthetic

VAK

(visual,

auditory,

kinesthetic)

Gardner's

Multiple Intelligences

Theory

David Kolb's four learning styles can be displayed in a quadrant

to show how people perceive and process information.

Kolb elaborates upon these basic stages

and proposes a . . .

Four Stage

Learning Cycle

Learning from logical analysis of ideas,

systematic planning, acting on an intellectual understanding

Learning by using an ability to get things done, risk taking, and influencing people and events through action.

Learning from specific experiences,

relating to people, and

having sensitivity to feelings and people

Learning from observation before making a judgment, viewing things from different perspectives, and looking for the meaning of things.

Another aspect of the model is the necessary tension between certain modes of processing and perception.

It's hard to do and watch at the same time.

It's hard to feel and think simultaneously.

Combining these learning modes and dialectics, Kolb identifies . . .

Diverger

Assimilator

Converger

Accommodator

Kolb's

Learning

Inventory

For more information about these and other learning styles, visit these and other resources:

howardgardner.com

thomasarmstrong.com

learningfromexperience.com

Know your learners through more sensitive observation

Provide multiple ways for your learners to access your content

Make adjustments to your presentation style

Make suggestions to a learner who might be having difficulties

logical

linguistic

learning.

Traditional education emphasizes

and

"intelligences"

Howard Gardner argues that there are other

we should consider when presenting and testing material.

Abstract

Conceptualization

thinking

doing

watching

Reflective

Observation

Active

Experimentation

Perception

logical-mathematical

feeling

thinking

Content Strategies

Online Strategies

questioning

research and manipulate data

online quizzes

tangible inquiry

pattern recognition

timelines

charts and graphs

use calculator

problem solving

exploration

homework problems

number smart, results driven

Some things you can do to speak to the auditory learner

Concrete

Experience

Add dimension by using visual or kinesthetic language

thinking

As an instructor make sure your presentations, assignments and discussions are well-balanced

Create a picture in the learner's mind with descriptive language

Use background music to set a mood, change pace, or provide some levity

Processing

Use variation in tone and inflection

doing

watching

vs.

watching

doing

musical

feeling

Online Strategies

Content Strategies

multimedia lectures

mneumonic and "jingle" study group projects

listening assignments

pattern recognition exercises

music in the background

relating music topic, i.e. lyrics to poetry, musical patterns to math

music in context of the subject

music smart, "sounds right"

kinesthetic

feeling

Content Strategies

Online Strategies

video taped presentations

body movements

building projects

drag and drop activities

athletic activities

field trips & reports

interactions

Define the components of the key models

body smart, "feels right"

Perception

linguistic

Content Strategies

Online Strategies

explanations

text lectures

term definitions

Explain how the parts of the models interact

slide design for multimedia lectures: highlight key words

descriptions

discussion assignments

readings

written assignments

word smart, "meaning in the mind"

Four Learning Styles

naturalistic

Compare the similarities between

the learning models

Some subjects are naturally visual

Online Strategies

Content Strategies

drag and drop matching

cataloguing

collections

scrap books

field trips

classification

research projects

nature smart, how content interacts with the natural world

Create stories, case studies, or characters to illustrate points.

Find the edges where there are differences

between the models

Think metaphorically

Use images that motiviate

drawing by Cory Buckley

corysportfolio.wordpress.com

Put a face on abstract subjects

intrapersonal

Concrete Experience / Reflective Observation

Concrete experience / Active experimentation

Any change of movement that is deliberate

brainstorming

without being distracting

Content Strategies

can add kinesthetic value to a presentation

Online Strategies

open mindedness

team work

self-paced activities

individual work

original discussion posts

self-reflection tasks

information gathering

independent research projects

opinion pieces

blogging

group work

intuitive

hands on

multiple perspectives

concise

self smart, ability to know oneself

practical applications

imagination

risk taker

theoretical

broad interests

ideas

action-oriented

technical tasks

solving problems

readings

lectures

abstract concepts

simulations

logical

narrow interests

experimentation

interpersonal

Abstract Conceptualization / Active Experimentation

Abstract Conceptualization / Reflective Observation

Online Strategies

Content Strategies

leadership

interviewing subject matter experts

group work

discussion and response assignments

chat and discussion

peer editing

social smart, able to read people

spatial

Online Strategies

Content Strategies

puzzles

creative activities

drag and drop visual elements

portfolio

multimedia lectures

design projects

use of a white board

camera, video or recording assignments

picture smart, "looks right"

Think about including a variety of

learning opportunities

that appeal to not only a broad spectrum of students, but a broad spectrum of needs within any one single learner.

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