Timeline of c. 1450 CE - c. 1750 CE

Pre-Modern Era (c. 1450 - c. 1750 CE)

Emily Hung A/C B3

Spain and Portugal

Ottoman Empire

India

France and England

European guns and other manufactured goods are traded w/ Africa for slaves

Sugar, molasses, and rum produced by slave labor is sent to Europe to be manufactured

Russia

TRIANGULAR TRADE OF THE 18TH CENTURY

China

Population

=

Japan

(ignore dots)

Slaves were transported through Middle Passage to S America or West Indies

Renaissance/Scientific Revolution

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

-Application of human reason to improve society

- human beings were basically good

- Education and reason could improve them

- Supported marriage based on love

- Began with philosophes; French philosophers

- Some Enlightenment thinkers followed scientific philisophy called Deism

- Deism; god that created earth, and then left it to operate by natural law

- Political philosophers; worked to ensure natural rights of human kind

- Laissez-faire economics created by Scottish economist

- Denis Diderot compiled Encyclopedie; scientific and social scientific knowledge of Enlightenment

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

- Copernicus; Polish scientist who pioneered the heliocentric theory

- Italian scientist Galileo confirmed theory w/ telescope

- German scientist Johannes Kepler discovered elliptical pattern of planetary motion

Issac Newton established basic principles of motion and forces of gravity

- Vesalius of Belgium studied human anatomy

- John Harvey studied circulatory system

- Rene Descartes; encouraged educated to develop skeptical approach to learning

- Francis Bacon; promoted empirical research based on observations and carefully obtained data

OTTOMAN EMPIRE:

- Christian Church of Hagia Sophia converted into mosque

- United Arab world by annexing Syria, Egypt, and N Africa

- Janissaries; Christian boys who were captured or enslaved, sometimes given by their parents, large component of the Ottoman army

- Women seclusion

- Veil, little oppurtunity to get an education

Ming Dynasty: 1368 - 1644

- Zhu Yuanzhang; founder

- Scholar gentry restored

- Confucian civil service exams reinstated

- Neo Confucianism grows

- Zheng He expands

- Late 16th c: Jesuits were allowed into China

- Last 200 years; China ruled by incompetent rulers

Peter I the Great

- Opened up Russia to Western influence

- Fought Sweden; gained warm water port

- Shave beards

- Secret police

1492: Reconquista begins, expulsion of Jews, First voyage of Colombus

1493: Colombus's second voyage; establishes colony on Santo Domingo

1528: Used superior gun tech to conquer large portion of N India

1688: Ottomans threaten Austrian capital (Hapsburg Dynasty)

1521: Aztec civilization destroyed; Tenochtitlan burned down

Peter I the Great

1500: Portuguese Colony of Brazil founded by Pedro Cabral

1498: Vasco de Gama's voyage around the Cape of Good Hope

1540-42: Francisco de Coronado searches for city of gold

1613: Russian 'boyars' choose Mikhail Romanov as tzar

1630: Foreign trade only allowed in certain cities

1535: Francicso Pizarro conquers Incan Emire

1543: Portuguese sailors shipwreck on Japan

1526: Babur migrates to Indian subcontinent

1519: Ferdinand Magellans voyage begins

1532: Brazil settled by Portuguese nobles

1644: Manchus conquer Ming Dynasty

1488: English navy defeats Spanish Armada

1580's: Tokugawa Shogunate stifles Buddism

1453: Ottomans conquer Constantinople

1649: End of English Civil War

1603: Tokugawa family comes to power

1652: Dutch establish Cape Colony

1529 Ottoman siege against Vienna

1725: End of Peter I the Great's reign

c. 1750 CE

1700: Russia remains agricultural

1715: End of Louis XIV's reign

c. 1450 CE

1517: RCC begins to sell indulgences

1480: Expulsion of Mongols

1494: Treaty of Tordesillas

1571: Battle of Lepanto

Akbar the Great dies

1689: Glorious Revolution

1650 CE

1550 CE

1642

1560

1368

I

Akbar/Mughal Dynasty:

- Cooperation between Hindus and Muslims

- Encouraged widows to remarry

- Outlawed sait

- Purdah; home confinement

- Mughal miniatures

- Taj Mahal; Shah Jahan in honor of his wife

SPANISH AMERICAN SOCIETY

- Peninsulares; Colonists born in Europe

- Creoles; Colonists born in the Americas but of European parents

- Mestizos; People of mixed European and Native American parents

- Mulattos; People of mixed European and African parents

- Patriarchal

THE COLOMBIAN EXCHANGE

Treaty of Tordesillas:

- Divided New World for Spain and Portugal by drawing imaginary line

- Spain got West of the line

- Portugal gets East of the line

French and English Government

AMERICAS:

EUROPE:

- Matinence of strong armies

- Establishment of elaborate bureaucracies

- High taxes to support frequent wars

Coffee, sugarcane, wheat, rice, bananas, cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, smallpox, measles, tuberculosis, influenza

Population

=

Tobacco, corn, sweet potatoes, white potatoes, manioc, syphillis

England

- Parliamentary monarchy; Limited power of monarchs by adding reps from elite classes

- English parliament met regularly w/out consent of monarch

- English Civil War and Glorious Revolution placed Parliament power over monarch

France

- Absolute monarchy

- Monarchies stopped convening w/ Estates General

- Divine right for kings to rule

- Territorial expansion

- Louis XIV; Strongly practiced divine right, lived extravagantly

PROTESTANT REFORMATION

- RCC offers indulgences

- German priest/monk Martin Luther nailed the Ninety-Five Theses onto Castle Church

- Luther excommunicated from RCC

- Gutenberg Bible created; spreads Bible all over Europe

- Brings on Catholic Reformation

- Increased European questioning of political authority

- Strengthened authority of monarchs

- Encouraged education as Protestants wanted their children to read the Bible

- Improved status of women within marriage

- New Protestant churches