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Maluku: The Spices Islands

Batavia: The Queen of The East

The End of The VOC

1. Maluku/Mollucas are known as The Spices Island.

2. Called as Spices Island because n Maluku only grew most important and valuable spices around the world, there are a) Cloves and b) Nutmeg and mace

3. These spices only grew in three Island ind Maluku 1) Banda Island, 2) Ternate Island, and 3) Tidore Island

1. VOC reach their power during 17th century/ 1600s. In the early 18th century, VOC influence around Indian Ocean declined, and collaps in 1799, with debt around $ 450 million.

2. Factors that caused VOC declined and Collaps:

a. Corruption

b. Wars with England (Anglo-Dutch Wars) and France (Napoleonic Wars)

c. Wars with many Asian Kingdom from India, Indonesia, and China during 18th century

d. Losses their most important trading market in India, Formossa (Taiwan), Cape Town, Ceylon, and Japan

e. Managment and communication structure problems

Dutch Colonialism in Indonesia 1: Vereenigde Oost_Indische Compagnie (VOC)

1. Batavia (Jakarta) was the capital of VOC and then Dutch colonial Government. Batavia found from 1608 until 1619 over the ruins of Jayakarta that destroy after attacked by VOC army around 1605.

2. Batavia called as "The Queen of the East" because her posititon as a one of center of world trade around 17th until 18th century.

Cloves

Nutmeg and Mace

1. Cloves are native to the Maluku islands in Indonesia and used as a spice in cuisines all over the world.

2. As the Dutch East India Company consolidated its control of the spice trade in the 17th century they sought to gain a monopoly in cloves as they had in nutmeg.

3. VOC sells cloves like "Chevron" were traded oil, with a forced limit on exportation.

4. Uses:

a. Cloves are often used adding flavor to meats, curries, and meat marinades.

b. The spice is used in a type of cigarette called kretek in Indonesia

c. Cloves are used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine, Chinese medicine, and western herbalism and dentistry where the essential oil is used as an anodyne (painkiller)

1. Nutmeg and mace known to have been a prized costly spice in European medieval cuisine as a flavouring, medicinal, and preservative agent.

2. The trade in nutmeg later became dominated by the Dutch in the 17th century. The English and Dutch engaged in prolonged struggles to gain control of Run Island, then the only source of nutmeg. At the end of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch gained control of Run, while England controlled New Amsterdam (New York) in North America.

3. The Dutch waged a bloody war, including the massacre and enslavement of the inhabitants of the island of Banda, just to control nutmeg production in the East Indies in 1621.

Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, VOC

1. VOC was a chartered company established in 1602, their job was granted monopoly and carry out colonial activities in Asia. It is often considered to have been the first multinational corporation in the world

2. Having been set up in 1602, to profit from the Malukan spice trade, in 1619 the VOC established a capital in the port city of Jayakarta and changed the city name into Batavia (now Jakarta).

Structure of VOC Government

1. Heeren XVII (Hareem, Netherland)

2. Governor General and Raad Van Indie (Batavia, Indonesia)

3. Governor (each provincies.

VOC Trade Network

First Dutch Voyage

Dutch Motivated to Trading in The Indies:

1. Dutch need money, because Dutch still on the wars with Spain (80 Years War).

2. Spices and pepper was a main resource to develop Netherland, because Netherland just reach their Independent from Spain.

Cornelis de Houtman

1. First Dutch peoples that reach Indonesia first time lead by Cornelis de Houtman.

2. Cornelis de Houtman obtained first hand knowledge of the "secret" Portuguese trade routes and practices

3. The stage was thus set for Houtman's 1595 four-ship exploratory expedition to Banten, the main pepper port of West Java.

4. Houtman's expedition then sailed east along the north coast of Java, losing twelve crew to a Javanese attack Half the crew were lost before the expedition made it back to the Netherlands the following year, but with enough spices to make a considerable profit

5. In March 1599, a fleet of eight ships under Jacob van Neck was the first Dutch fleet to reach the 'Spice Islands' of Maluku. The ships returned to Europe in 1599 and 1600 and the expedition made a 400 percent profit

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