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Further references

  • Duncan's arrival "...pleasant seat; the air nimbly and sweetly recommends itself"
  • Contrast with the porter: "hellgate.."
  • No order to Macbeth's killings: Macduff's wife and children

Hallucinations

  • Banquo's ghost
  • The dagger
  • Lady Macbeth's bloody hands
  • Apparitions

Weather/nature

  • "So fair and foul a day I have not seen"
  • "...the earth was feverish and did shake"
  • Duncan's arrival --> dramatic irony
  • Everything in order, but under the surface chaos is brewing
  • Horses eating one another --> unnatural
  • Birds

Macbeth: Chaos vs Order

The rightful ruler

  • Natural order: Duncan and Malcolm
  • Macbeth disrupts order by killing Duncan - usurper
  • Linked to divine right of kings
  • Religion: sin, against God
  • Context: highest form of treason

Note

Duncan's killing sets in motion the chaotic events of the rest of the play. This in itself magnifies the divine right of kings aspect and the disruption of order

The Witches

  • "Fair is foul and foul is fair" - Act 1 scene 1
  • Upside down/topsy turvy/wrong way round
  • Nothing is as it seems from the beginning

Sleep

  • "Macbeth does murder sleep" - Act 2 scene 2
  • Lady Macbeth sleepwalking
  • Natural order: awake in the day, asleep during the night

Social order

  • Chaos at the banquet Act 3 scene 4
  • "You know your own degrees.."
  • Contrast to Macbeth --> Lady Macbeth: "stand not upon the order..."
  • Women should not order men
  • Context: social status important --> indication of chaos
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