Psychology Timeline

Psychology

Bibliography

Intro

Psychology - the subject that has been around for many generations, a scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. Behaviour consisting of anything one does that can be observed. Mental Processes entailing internal experiences such as : thoughts, feelings, sensations and perceptions.

Psychology is thought to have evolved from philosophy, science, medicine and theology.

Psychologists and Philosophers from various cultures such as, Ancient Egypt, Rome, Greece and many more, have carried out studies of human behaviour throughout history. Some scientists (Mr Lark) still believe Psychology to be a "Soft" science. In the beginning it seems Psychology was focused on measuring and understanding the mind whereas more recently in the history of Psychology it seems to be focusing more and more on the understanding and measuring of behaviour.

Systematic studies are used in Psychology as a collection and examination of empirical evidence to support or disprove hypothesis / predictions rather than depending on common sense. All studies are required to contain some form of evidence for their case or at least supporting it and cannot be based solely on opinion.

Eclectic - Doug Kaufman. (). Eclectic Perspective . Available: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Eclectic%20Perspective

Last accessed 25th Feb 2015.

Plato - A. Jacobsen, R. Zartman, & H. Ashfaq. (). History of Psychology. Available: http://www.psyking.net/id19.htm

Last accessed 27th February 2015.

Aristotle - A. Jacobsen, R. Zartman, & H. Ashfaq. (). History of Psychology. Available: http://www.psyking.net/id19.htm

Last accessed 27th February 2015.

Psychological Science - N.A. (n.d). History Of APS. Available: http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/about/history-of-aps

Last accessed 6th March 2015.

Saul McLeod - Saul McLeod. (2007). Biological Psychology . Available: http://www.simplypsychology.org/biological-psychology.html

Last accessed 6th March 2015.

Edward Tolman / Cognitive Psychology - Saul McLeod. (2013). Tolman - Latent Learning. Available: http://www.simplypsychology.org/tolman.html

Last accessed 6th March 2015.

Howard Gardner - Kendra Cherry . (n.d). Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Available: http://psychology.about.com/od/educationalpsychology/ss/multiple-intell.html

Last accessed 6th March 2015.

Psychology Timeline

Eclectic

The Voyage of the Beagle

Cognitive Psychology

Humane Psychology

Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

ANCIENT GREEK PERIOD

Edward Tolman

Philippe Pinel

Charles Darwin

ARISTOTLE THE REALIST

PLATO THE IDEALIST

Howard Gardner

In 1793 Pinel released the first ever mental patients from confinement in the first significant large scale movement for more humane treatment for the mentally ill.

An Eclectic approach to Psychology can consist of various different methods such as; Cognitive behavioral therapy and Psychodynamic therapy.

This perspective in Psychotherapy combines multiple different approaches to best suit the client.

"For example, an eclectic therapist might use techniques from psychodynamic therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and dialectal behavioral therapy, depending on what works best for a particular client." Doug Kaufman

"Darwin formulated his theory of natural selection through observing animals while travelling the world." Saul McLeod

Plato is a Greek Philosopher, considered to be an idealist. He believed that an idea is what is real as opposed to his student - Aristotle, who believed what is real is real. Plato also believed that who we are and what we know is an innate tendency.

"Plato also made early contributions to motivational psychology with his delineation of the drive characteristics of the psyche--that drives have a striving toward attainment of a goal and an affective coloring of pleasure and pain." A. Jacobsen, R. Zartman, & H. Ashfaq

In the video above you can watch a brief introduction and explanation to who Plato is and his views vs his pupils - Aristotle.

PLATO - 387BC

Aristotle is also an ancient Greek systematic Philosopher, he (Plato's student) believed that who we are and what we know is actually acquired from gathering experience rather than being born with it.

"He was the first to philosophise on the basis of science. Because of his great knowledge, especially in the physical sciences, he became known in history as a "panepistimon" or man of all sciences." A. Jacobsen, R. Zartman, & H. Ashfaq

Aristotles De Anima was the first book produced to treat Psychology as a systematic philosophy.

Systematic Philosophy : All problems and questions regarding human life can be explained via philosophical methods and approaches.

ARISTOTLE - 335BC

Howard Earl Gardner is an American developmental psychologist, he was born July 11, 1943. Gardner's theory on multiple intelligences implies that traditional views of intelligence are too restricted / limited.

"Gardner proposed that there are eight intelligences, and has suggested the possible addition of a ninth known as "existentialist intelligence"." Kendra Cherry

Edward Chace Tolman was an American Psychologist (1886-1959). Tolman founded what is now a branch of psychology known as purposive behaviorism, alongside this branch Tolman also established the Latent learning concept. Tolman carried out an experiment called Cognitive Maps in rats and men. "Tolman coined the term cognitive map, which is an internal representation (or image) of external environmental feature or landmark. He thought that individuals acquire large numbers of cues (i.e. signals) from the environment and could use these to build a mental image of an environment (i.e. a cognitive map)." Saul McLeod

"Edward Tolman (1948) challenged these assumptions by proposing that people and animals are active information processes and not passive learners as behaviorism had suggested. Tolman developed a cognitive view of learning that has become popular in modern psychology.

Tolman believed individuals do more than merely respond to stimuli; they act on beliefs, attitudes, changing conditions, and they strive toward goals. Tolman is virtually the only behaviorists who found the stimulus-response theory unacceptable, because reinforcement was not necessary for learning to occur. He felt behavior was mainly cognitive" Saul McLeod

1975

1988

1886-1939

1879

1793

2015

500BC - 300BC

1948

1983

1805 - 1836

Psychological Society

Wilhelm Wundt

Sigmund Freud

Sociobiology: The New Synthesis

The original "Father of Psychology"

Edward Osborne

In 1988 the American Psychological Society (APS) was established.

"The Association for Psychological Science (previously American Psychological Society) is a nonprofit membership organization founded in 1988 to advance scientific psychology and its representation as a science on the national level. APS grew quickly, surpassing 5,000 members in its first six months. Today, 26,000 psychologists in more than 80 countries, whose specialties span the entire spectrum of scientific, applied, and teaching specialties, are members of the Association." (Psychological Science)

Freud was the founding father of Psychoanalysis and the Psychodynamic approach to psychology. In this particular perspective - Freud focused on the influence of the unconscious mind regarding behaviour.

Freud implemented the idea that the three components the human mind consisted of were as follows: The Id (Instincts), the Ego (Reality) and the Super Ego (Morality).

Freud's theories of Psychosexual stages, the unconscious and dream symbolism still today remain a popular topic.

Erik Erikson is another Psychoanalytic theorist, Erikson expanded on Freud's perspective. Erikson focused on growth throughout the lifespan in his Psychosocial stage theory of personality.

Wilhelm Wundt was a German physician, physiologist, philosopher, and professor. In 1879, Wundt (Credited the original "Father of Scientific Psychology") decided to set up a research facility laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany.

This laboratory was exclusively devoted to the scientific study of conscious experiences and sensations. Wundt would assign topics to a class of graduate students for them to carry out research and investigate.

Edward Osborne "E. O." Wilson is an American Bioligist born in 1929. Wilson is the alleged "Father of Sociobiology" and in 1975 Osborne released a book that assisted with initiating the sociobiology debate.

Wilson used the term "Sociobiology" to describe and attemp to explain the evolutionary mechanics behind social behaviours such as; nurturance and aggression.