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Basil Bernstein

Any Questions?

  • Labov argues that no detailed specification has been given, of the central concept of code and therefore the experimental results are artifacts of the experimental situation.
  • Labov said that working class speech codes are not inferior and are just as complex as any other code.

Labov (1975)

  • Danzig points out that Bernstein is often viewed as narrowly in the context of sociolinguistics
  • believes Bernstein's sociolinguistic theory represented an example of deficit theory ( alleging that he argued that working class language was not deficient)

Danzig (1999)

  • Atkinson and Sadovnik suggest that Bernsteins theory uses a structuralist approach as it focuses attention on ' how language use itself is constitutive of social structure and of social selves, roles and identities
  • One of the key issues surrounding the theory is the ability of the listener, to be able to move beyond words to gain access to self and the situation

Atkinson et al (1985) and Sadovnik (1995)

Rosen (1974)

  • Bernstein's theories are vague
  • he only refers to lower working class instead of working class as a totality
  • lack of evidence in the family infrastructure which can acknowledge these arguements

"BERNSTEIN'S THEORIES ARE NOTHING BUT A MYTH"

Criticism

Educational Attainment

Elaborated code used widely in educational settings

"correct"

Textbooks

Teachers

Exams

Social Class & Speech Patterns

Communication issues

Middle-class: Access both codes

Socialisation process

Working-class: Access to one code

Middle-class = feel "at home" in schooling

Working-class = feel excluded in schooling

Browne, K., 2008. Sociology for As AQA. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Bryant, L., 2013. Basil Bernstein. [Online]

Available at: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/basil_bernstein.htm

[Accessed 15 April 2014].

Haralambos, M., Holborn, M. & Heald, R., 2004. Sociology Themes and Perspectives. London: Harper Collins.

Haralambos, M., Richardson, J., Taylor, P. & Yeo, A., 2003. Sociology in Focus. Ormskirk: Causeway Press.

Wealleans, A., 2013. Basil Bernstein's speech codes. [Online]

Available at:

[Accessed 15 April 2014].

R.Young Spring (2002) Basil Bernstein's Social linguistic Theory of language codes. Available from: http://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~johnca/spch100/3-3-bernstein.htm

Atherton JS (2013) Doceo Language Codes[ On-line] Accessed 24 April 2014. From http:www.doceo.co.uk/background/language_codes.htm

HARALAMBOS (2004) Sociology in Focus for AQA AS Level. Lancaster:Causeway Press Limited.

Bibliography

He taught working-class children

Saw differences in performance between working-class and middle-class children in language-based subjects, when performance in maths was comparable

Bernstein wanted to point this out and have it compensated for, but was misunderstood by some.

Two Major Concepts

Restricted Code & Elaborated Code

Working Class only use restricted code. Middle Class use both.

Elaborated Code

Basil Bernstein

Speakers draw on background knowledge and shared understanding

Creates a sense of belonging to a certain group.

can be found among friends and families and other intimately knit groups.

Used in informal settings

Can include slang and be grammatically incorrect

Language used by well educated people

Vocabulary is extensive, detailed and articulate

Used by teachers, in text books and on formal occasions

Restricted Code

Bernstein's experiment

Two 5 year old boys

One from a working class background

One from a middle class background

Both shown four pictures and asked to describe what they could see.

Response from the middle class boy

(Restricted code)

"They're playing football and he kicks it and it goes through there. It breaks the window and they're looking at it and he comes out and shouts at them because they've broken it. So they run away and then she looks out and then she tells them off"

"Two boys are playing football and one boy kicks the ball and it goes through the window. The ball breaks the window and the boys are looking at it, and a man comes out and shouts at them because they've broken the window. So they run away and then that lady looks out of her window, and she tells the boys off"

Response from the working class boy

(Elaborated code)

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