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Atkinson et al (1985) and Sadovnik (1995)
Rosen (1974)
"BERNSTEIN'S THEORIES ARE NOTHING BUT A MYTH"
Elaborated code used widely in educational settings
Middle-class: Access both codes
Socialisation process
Working-class: Access to one code
Middle-class = feel "at home" in schooling
Working-class = feel excluded in schooling
Browne, K., 2008. Sociology for As AQA. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bryant, L., 2013. Basil Bernstein. [Online]
Available at: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/basil_bernstein.htm
[Accessed 15 April 2014].
Haralambos, M., Holborn, M. & Heald, R., 2004. Sociology Themes and Perspectives. London: Harper Collins.
Haralambos, M., Richardson, J., Taylor, P. & Yeo, A., 2003. Sociology in Focus. Ormskirk: Causeway Press.
Wealleans, A., 2013. Basil Bernstein's speech codes. [Online]
Available at:
[Accessed 15 April 2014].
R.Young Spring (2002) Basil Bernstein's Social linguistic Theory of language codes. Available from: http://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~johnca/spch100/3-3-bernstein.htm
Atherton JS (2013) Doceo Language Codes[ On-line] Accessed 24 April 2014. From http:www.doceo.co.uk/background/language_codes.htm
HARALAMBOS (2004) Sociology in Focus for AQA AS Level. Lancaster:Causeway Press Limited.
He taught working-class children
Saw differences in performance between working-class and middle-class children in language-based subjects, when performance in maths was comparable
Bernstein wanted to point this out and have it compensated for, but was misunderstood by some.
Restricted Code & Elaborated Code
Working Class only use restricted code. Middle Class use both.
Speakers draw on background knowledge and shared understanding
Creates a sense of belonging to a certain group.
can be found among friends and families and other intimately knit groups.
Used in informal settings
Can include slang and be grammatically incorrect
Language used by well educated people
Vocabulary is extensive, detailed and articulate
Used by teachers, in text books and on formal occasions
Two 5 year old boys
One from a working class background
One from a middle class background
Both shown four pictures and asked to describe what they could see.
"They're playing football and he kicks it and it goes through there. It breaks the window and they're looking at it and he comes out and shouts at them because they've broken it. So they run away and then she looks out and then she tells them off"
"Two boys are playing football and one boy kicks the ball and it goes through the window. The ball breaks the window and the boys are looking at it, and a man comes out and shouts at them because they've broken the window. So they run away and then that lady looks out of her window, and she tells the boys off"