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The children in India are often children of farmers, therefore are exposed to the chemicals that their families are. They are also more likely to get involved in the agriculture business at a young age. Similar to the Cortinas et al. (2012) results, children involved in child labor demonstrated multiple risk factors (social, environmental, and health).
Social: They have to work an therefore don't get to socialize as much as other kids.
Health:They are exposed to harmful conditions that can lead to health issues.
Environmental: Air pollution, pesticide exposure, water irrigation
As mentioned previously, kids in Niger are exposed to a lot of air pollution. This is because of what is being burned in the household to cook as well as the dirt/ pesticides they are exposed to. Author Cortinas et al. (2012) found that many kids who work at work sites that have a lot of dust are more likely to suffer health related issues including; upper respiratory infections, malnutrition, and anemia.
-Families in developing countries are more likely to use firewood to cook, which pollutes the air within the household (Cortinas et al., 2012).
Ted Talk: Johan Rockstrom
Let the Environment Guide our Development
-Agriculture practices that compromise the ability for future generations to meet their own need in order to meet current needs are considered unsustainable.
-More affordable than many sustainable techniques, for developing countries dependent upon resource availability
-2/3 of unsustainable agriculture occurs in developing countries
-Unsustainable agriculture leads to increased environmental and health risks
*Environmental: Air pollution, soil erosion/ degradation,
*Health: Respiratory issues, lung cancer, Diarrhea, fatalities, exposure to toxic chemicals/ pesticides
-Leader in hybridization AND Genetically modified foods (GMO)
-Top crops include corn and cattle meat
-Agriculture is hazardous due to use of chemicals
-Agriculture makes up about 75% of U.S. pesticide use
Total Population (2013)
1,252,140,000
Gross national income per capita (PPP international $, 2013)
5
Life Expectancy at birth m/f (per 1,000 live births)
65/68
Total expenditure on health per capita (International $, 2013)
215
Fingers to the Bone Child Farm workers in the U.S.
-Abolishing the intermediaries: what occurs between the state and the farmer
*Intermediaries don't focus on sustainable agriculture. Focused on revenue.
*Abolishing allows for sustainable options and interest. Also gives farmer more freedom to make their own decision
-Bhoomdan and Gramdan Acts
*Collects donations of land and distributes it among those who don't have land
-Exposure to poor air quality
*Outdoor: dust, transportation, brush fires
*Indoor:Due to lack of ventilation, use of kerosene and solid fuels for cooking
-65 deaths/ 100,000 in Africa are attributed to household air pollution (W.H.O., 2013)
-Child Farm workers exposed to harmful conditions
*Fatal
*Nonfatal
Researcher Stephens (2012) found that linking children and adolescents with programs and local government can help involve them in policy making. This can help make policies more effective and specific towards different populations. The U.S. has a variety of farming techniques and offers a fair share of organic food options, however not many can afford these choices and farmers sometimes don't have the option to practice these forms of agriculture. Involving families and children in policy making can help professionals target more specific problems
-Unsustainable agriculture can emit toxic chemicals into soil, air and water that then get's into the food/water that we eat.
-Spraying pesticides
-Disposal of toxic chemicals
-Proximity to drinking water
-Dust
-Children are forced to work to support
their families and are exposed to
harmful chemicals that harm their development
Why does unsustainable agriculture still occur?
-Policy isn't effectively addressing the issues at hand and aren't always monitored properly.
-Policies aren't addressing rural farm areas that can't afford more expensive procedures.
-Money is a priority over environmental and health hazards
-Developing countries work with the limited resources they have access to. Sustainable options aren't always a choice.
-New technologies and methods are leading to insects having a higher resistance to pesticides, land degradation, nutrient depletion, and a loss of biological diversity
-Limited knowledge! In developing countries farmers only know their way of life. They need to be educated on new techniques.
Total Population
320,051,000
Gross national income per capita (PPP international $, 2013)
53
Life expectancy at birth m/f (years, 2013)
76/81
Total expenditure on health per capita (Intl $, 2013)
9,146
-Unsustainable agriculture occurs because policies aren't focusing on rural farmers who can't afford to change their current techniques
-Current policies aren't effectively addressing the problem
-My suggestion would be to create policies that take in the needs of rural farmers.
- If the pesticides aren't safe to be around, they need to be illegal, or sprayed away from humans.
-Address child labor, if adults are harmed by working with the chemicals, it will have a greater impact on children
-By creating more specific policies and advocacy, rural farmers may be able to develop techniques that will benefit them, their children, and their communities
-Known for livestock and a variety of crops
-use Unsafe farming techniques to speed up processes (harming air quality)
Total Population
17,831,000
Gross national income per capita (PPP international $, 2013)
910
Life expectancy at birth m/f (years, 2013)
59/59
Total expenditure on health per capita (Intl $, 2013)
60
-The Farm Bill: Aims to reduce industrial farm contamination
*Helpful: helps farmers reduce contamination/ air pollution
*Harmful: Expensive, taxpayers money
-The Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP): provides farms with a cost-share assistance plan that allows for them to implement conservation practices.
*Helpful: Helps farmers reduce their pollution by sharing the cost burden
*Harmful: Expensive
-Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate change: Urges to integrate sustainable agriculture into national and international policy
*advocacy is important to spread awareness!
-India is one of the top leaders in worldwide "farming output"
-Farming techniques are financially and environmentally unstable
-3/4 of people in India depend on farming
-Child labor; affordable and necessary
-Face harm due to poorly maintained irrigation systems
-There is an overuse of water limiting supplies
-Food contamination
-Water systems contaminated
-access to market is hampered
by poor roads
-world bank predicts a food shortage in 2030
-Work long hours, impacting their physical development negatively
-Conservation farm option: To help farmers convert to more environmentally friendly farming practices
*Helpful: encourages safer farming practices
-Most laws and policies aim to help farmers convert their unsustainable techniques to sustainable techniques. Need to focus on education and rural areas that can't convert due to expense.
-Exposure to toxic chemicals (pesticides)
*Exposure can lead to Birth defects
*food poisoning
-Access to healthy foods grown sustainably limited/ unaffordable
*easy access to fast food
-Child farm workers: allowed to work on a farm at 12 years old--unlimited hours
-United states Department of Agriculture (USDA) & United States Agency of International Development (USAID) are just a couple of departments aiming to help regulate agriculture
-Soil Quality: Focusing on how to reduce erosion, salinization, and other degradation methods. This helps with drought tolerance, fertilizer efficiency, and reduces air pollution by reducing greenhouse gas emissions
-Pesticides: Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to ensure proper usage of pesticides. Crop rotation and crop diversification to help keep diversity.
-Disposal of toxic chemicals: monitoring storage, application, and disposal of toxic chemicals is crucial
Dominquez-Cortinas, G., Cifuentes, E., Escobar, E.R., & Martinez, F.D. (2012). Assessment of environmental health in a children's population living in environmental injustice scenarios. Journal of Community Health, 37 (6), 1199-1207
Stephens, C.C. (2012). Urban inequities; Urban rights: a conceptual analysis and review of impacts on children, and policies to address them. Journal of Urban Health, 89 (3), 464-485
World Health Organization (n.d.) Retrieved November 17, 2015 from
http://www.who.int/heli/risks/toxics/chemicals/en/
Food and Agriculture Organization (n.d.) Retrieved November 17, 2015 from http://www.fao.org/docrep/u8480e/u8480e0z.htm
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.) Retrieved November 18, 2015 from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/pesticides/
United Nations Environment Programme (n.d.) Promoting Sustainable Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentRetrieved November from http://www.unep.org/documents.multilingual/default.asp?DocumentID=52&ArticleID=62&l=en
National Association of State Departments of Agriculture (2015) Retrieved November 18, 2015 from http://www.nasda.org
Grace Communications Foundation (n.d.) Retrieved November 18, 2015 from http://www.sustainabletable.org/497/food-policy-regulation
National Agricultural Law Center (n.d.) Retrieved November 19, 2015 from http://www.sustainabletable.org/497/food-policy-regulation
United States Department of Labor (2014) Retreived November 19,2015 from http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/niger.htm
David, M. (2010) Nigeria Food and Agricultural Import Regulations and Standards. https://hortintl.cals.ncsu.edu/articles/nigeria-food-and-agricultural-import-regulations-and-standards
United States Agency for International Development (n.d.) Retrieved November 19, 2015 from https://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/agriculture-and-food-security/investing-sustainable-agriculture