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CHARACTERIZED BY ITS FOCUS ON HUMAN SUFFERING. ALLOWS THE AUDIENCE A SENSE OF CATHARSIS (release). ALSO USED TO HIGHLIGHT THE POWER OF CULTURAL IDENTITY AS WELL AS THE CONTINUOUS IMPACT OF HISTORY.

ANY PRODUCTION (THEATRE, TELEVISION, OR FILM) WHICH USES HUMOR AS A PRIMARY MEANS TO TELL A STORY.

  • Exposition
  • Rising Action
  • Climax
  • Falling Action
  • Resolution

Also known as the introduction, the exposition serves to provide background information regarding "the plot, characters' histories, setting, and theme".

In literature, this is achieved with the use of a (objective and invisible) narrator. It may also be achieved through a character using either dialogue or the expressing of their thoughts.

In a literary plot, a series of incidences that build toward the point of greatest interest (the climax).

The turning point, or point of no return, marking a change in the protagonist's journey either for better or worse. This is the most dramatic act in the story.

THIS IS WHERE THE PROTAGONIST EITHER WINS OR LOSES.

  • Conflicts are resolved
  • Balance is restored for the characters
  • A release of tension for the reader

The "Big Exhale"

The moment in the drama when you can relax; when you sit back in your chair a breathe a sigh of relief.

The main character of a literary (theatrical, cinematic, or musical) narrative who is engaged in conflict usually because of the antagonist.

A character, group of characters, or institution, representing the opposing force with which the protagonist must contend:

  • A rival
  • Enemy
  • Opponent or competitor

An act is is a "division or unit of

drama".

  • Plays can have as few as one act or as many as five.

A scene is the part of the play in

which there is no change in time

or place.

This can also be a single piece of

action that happens in one place

in a play, film, or book.

A speech presented by a single character for the purpose of expressing their thoughts aloud.

Soliloquy

When a character speaks to herself to sort out thoughts or feelings. Other characters in the drama are unaware of what is being said.

In an aside, the character speaks to the audience directly. Unlike monologues or soliloquies, an aside is usually a brief comment. It is a statement which reflects the true thoughts the character.

A poem consisting of 14 lines, written in iambic pentameter, which follows a strict rhyme scheme.

Iamb: A metrical foot. Characteried by the use of one unstressed, or short, syllable and one stressed, or long, syllable.

What, then, is iambic pentameter?

Think of a heart beat: da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM

Foil

The purpose of the foil is to show contrast with another character in order to showcase a particular skill or quality of that character; to complement that character.

Foils are most noticeable when they are a part of teams or duos. Ex.: Watson to Holmes, Robin to Batman, Ron Weasley to Harry Potter

A pun is a (usually) humorous play on a word or words which suggests a multiple meaning or meanings.

Shakespearean Example:

Romeo: “Not I, believe me. You have dancing shoes

With nimble soles; I have a soul of lead

So stakes me to the ground I cannot move.”

Oxymoron

Ever noticed that it's simply impossible to find seriously funny oxymorons online? The only choice is to ask one of those paid volunteers at the library – the ones in the long-sleeved T-shirts – for an original copy of some obviously obscure documents that were found missing amongst some paperwork almost exactly one hundred years ago.

This is especially true in tragic plays and literature

Drama: A Multi-Act Presentation

Drama & Literature

Terms to Know

A Drama is...

a particular type of fiction designed to be performed by actors on a stage in front of an audience.

Includes both stage and cinematic works.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama

http://drb.lifestreamcenter.net/Lessons/Drama.htm

How many oxymorons can you spot in the following paragraph?

A combination of contradictory words.

Act 1:

Exposition

http://www.fiction-writers-mentor.com/rising-action.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatic_structure

Act 2:

Rising Action

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_(literary_technique)

Dramatic Structure

In Shrek's story, the primary conflict is whether or not he will get his swamp back. However, in order to do this, he must meet several challenges.

  • Scare away the angry mob.
  • Find Lord Farquaad AND defeat soldiers in his tournament.
  • Slay the dragon and retrieve Fiona from the tower.
  • Get Fiona back to Farquaad.

As the story progresses, each of Shrek's challenges increases in difficulty which adds to the dramatic tension of the tale.

Often, plays are divided into five acts. This is what is known as a dramatic arc.

Act 5:

Resolution

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatic_structure

Act 3:

Climax

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatic_structure

ACT 4:

FALLING ACTION

In Julius Caesar, the Climax comes when the Senators turn against Ceasar and brutally stab him to death.

  • This act can also contain a final moment of suspense in which the resolution is in doubt.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax_(narrative)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatic_structure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatic_structure

Types of Drama

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre#Comedy

Tragedy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy

Comedy

  • Satire
  • Farce
  • Situation Comedy (Sitcom)

Character Types:

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/protagonist

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist

Protagonist

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonist

Antagonist

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonist

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foil_(literature)

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/211951/foil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_(drama)

Act

vs.

Scene

  • Example: The balcony scene from Romeo & Juliet.

http://www.ldoceonline.com/Theatre-topic/scene

Dramatic Irony

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/170979/dramatic-irony

When the reader or audience is privvy to information the characters lack.

DRAMATIC VOCABULARY

  • FOIL
  • OXYMORON
  • DRAMATIC IRONY
  • STAGE DIRECTION
  • MONOLOGUE
  • SOLILOQUY
  • ASIDE
  • SONNET
  • METER
  • PUN
  • MOTIF

Sonnet

Meter: The pattern of syllables in a given line of poetry. These syllables, which can be in pairs or trios, may be stressed or unstressed. Two syllables paired together is called a foot.

http://shakespeare.about.com/od/thesonnets/a/what_is_a_sonnet.htm

https://www.google.com/search?q=iambic+pentameter&rlz=1C1AFAA_enUS485US485&aq=0&oq=iambic+&aqs=chrome.0.0j57j5j0j62l2.2064&sugexp=chrome,mod=0&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#hl=en&tbo=d&rlz=1C1AFAA_enUS485US485&sclient=psy-ab&q=what+is+an+iamb&oq=what+is+an+iamb&gs_l=serp.3..0l4.818541.821314.0.821548.19.14.2.2.2.1.239.1588.7j6j1.14.0.les%3B..0.0...1c.1.1Zi1vnJkBoA&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_cp.r_qf.&bvm=bv.1355272958,d.aWM&fp=677d9cb28fc608b&bpcl=39942515&biw=1366&bih=643

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iambic_pentameter

http://iambicpentameter.net/

Aside

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aside

Monologue

May also be used to directly address another character or the audience.

* from "Romeo and Juliet" http://www.shakespeare-monologues.org/plays/35?g=2

** from "Gladiator" http://www.monologuedb.com/dramatic-male-monologues/gladiator-maximus-decimus-meridius/

*** from "To Kill a Mockingbird" http://www.monologuedb.com/dramatic-male-monologues/to-kill-a-mockingbird-atticus-finch/

Pun

http://www.wordcentral.com/cgi-bin/student?book=Student&va=pun

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pun

In literature, motifs can be created using various literary devices, structure, and language. A single object, when used strategically, can help establish motif.

Motif

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/motif

Abbott, H. Porter (2008). The Cambridge Introduction to Narrative. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 95. ISBN 978-0-521-88719-9.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motif_(narrative)

A dominant idea.

Modern Example: I wondered why the baseball was getting bigger. Then it hit me.

Do not confuse motif with theme. Motif is a repeating detail meant to enhance symbolic meaning. Motifs can be objects, images, spoken or written phrases, sounds, or physical movements.

Romeo and Juliet (Act I scene IV)

Stage Direction

A description or direction of a setting or character written in to a play (or script).

https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSax4-KC79sM5gW13WNVGasyxg9XZ3ACHBU1MRs176qHr7x1OSn

http://www.google.com/search?q=what+is+a+soliloquy&rlz=1C1WYIB_enUS503US503&aq=0&oq=what+is+a+soliloquy&sugexp=chrome,mod=9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

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