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Rationalism VS Empiricism

2 Approaches

Outline of the presentation

Empiricism

Rationalism

How can humans get true knowledge?

1. Definitions of rationalism and empiricism

2. Main characteristics of each approach

3. Rational philosophers

4. Empiricist philosophers

- Claims that not other reason but sense experience is the ultimate source of knowledge

- The senses are reliable indicators of what reality is

- Maintains that true knowledge about reality derives from the proper us of our reasoning capacities

- Rationalist argue that our capacity to think generates ideas which we cannot arrive at by using our sensory capacities

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1.2. Dooremalen, H., De Regt, D. & Schouten, M. (2007). Exploring humans; philosophy of science for the social sciences, a historical introduction (4th/5th edition). Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Boom.

Rationalism-> Main characteristics

Empiricism-> Main characteristics

Philosophers BCE

1. The principle of sufficient reason (PSR)

Empiricism

Rationalism

- There is a reason (or cause) for everything, both for its

existence or for its non-existence

- Example

- Aristotle

2. The priority of reason (or intellect)

- Plato

- Socrates

- Pythagoras

- We can know some propositions by intuition alone

- Some knowledge (or some concepts) is innate

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3. The importance of method

- To investigate the truth of things

- ‘Method’-> reliable rules which are easy to apply

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4. List of rationalists. (2018, December 28). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rationalists

3. University of Oxford. (n.d.). Rationalism: Four Distinctive Features [PDF file]. Retrieved from https://open.conted.ox.ac.uk/sites/open.conted.ox.ac.uk/files/resources/Create%20Document/EMR_Handout2.pdf

The philosophy of Pythagoras

Pythagoras

Aristotle

- Invented the word "philosophy"

- Based in Aristotle

+ Dicaearchus and Aristoxenus

- Pythagoreanism

- thought processes and the soul were located in the brain

- 570 to ca. 490 BCE

- Pythagoras wrote nothing

- Image-> Father of the numbers

- Famous for

+ Immortal soul

+ Religious

+ Strict life

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6. Pythagoras. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.philosophybasics.com/philosophers_pythagoras.html

5. Huffman, C. (2018, October 17). Pythagoras. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pythagoras/

Spinoza

BUT...

Fun Fact

...

SCIENTIFIC

REVOLUTION

- 1632 Amsterdam

- Work-> The Ethics

- The world as a part of God

- Anthropomorphic conceptions of God

- Theological-Political Treatise

+ Miracles are not supernatural

+ Torah

+ The prophets

- Freedom of thought

He died from a stomach disease

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7. Baruch Spinoza. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.philosimply.com/philosopher/spinoza-baruch

Discussion

Hume

Thanks for listening

What approach would you take and why?

- 1711 - 1776, Scotland

- Age of Enlightenment

- Opponent of Descartes

- Skepticism

- Book-> "A Treatise of Human Nature"

- "the science of man is the only solid foundation for the other sciences"

- Knowledge

+ Relations of ideas

+ Matters of facts

https://uquiz.com/fnBsp4/are-you-a-rationalist-or-an-empiricist

8. David Hume. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.philosophybasics.com/philosophers_hume.html

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