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Traits and Legacies of Colonialism

  • durability and stability
  • hegemony
  • caste system
  • patriarchal society
  • "honor system"
  • slavery
  • language

Punishing women for disloyalty was not uncommon, but this did not stop the women from disobeying those above them

  • 1807 - The Portuguese royal family fleas Portugal as Napoleon invades the Iberian Peninsula; Prince João establishes court in Rio de Janeiro
  • 1817 - liberal uprising in Pernambuco
  • 1820 - Portuguese Assembly meets (regarding João's 1815 declaration)
  • 1821 - João returns to Portugal
  • Liberal juntas begin to meet and send their own representatives to Lisbon
  • By 1822, Brazilian elite had formed Brazilian Party
  • 1822 - Prince Pedro declares Brazil an independent constitutional monarchy and is crowned Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil

  • 1817 - aristocrat & Creole Simón Bolívar begins a wave of triumphs across South America
  • Utilizes nativism & military cunning to attract Venezuelan llaneros to his side
  • 1819 - crosses Orinoco and surprised Spanish forces; overtook Bogotá
  • By 1822, Bolívar's forces had also captured Caracas and Quito
  • After overtaking the remaining royalist strongholds in Argentina, general José de San Martín trains a combined Argentine-Chilean patriot army in order to cross the Andes and seize Santiago
  • San Martín launches an expedition against Lima where he declares Peruvian independence
  • 1822 - met with Bolívar in Guayaquil
  • 1824 - Bolívar attains independence in Peru and Bolivia

Latin American Independence and Postcolonial Latin America

Napoleon Bonaparte & The French Revolution

Spain

1820

- Spain has its own liberal revolution, weakening an already unstable country

- Spanish liberals force Fernando VII to restore the constitution

- Many formerly royalist Creoles felt betrayed

Spain

Causes for Revolution

Spain had firm control over much of Latin America from the 1500s through 1800s

Spanish Latin America

  • Viceroyalties
  • Caste system
  • Unfair taxes
  • No free trade
  • Bourbon Reforms
  • Instability in Spain (incompetent king, court)
  • Bankruptcy = higher taxes, sale of high offices
  • French Revolution (1789-99)
  • Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)

Mexican Independence

  • Agustín Iturbide, Creole army commander, joins forces with Vicente Guerrero, a mestizo patriot, to unite the Creoles/poorer classes
  • Rallied followers with guarantees of an independent, constitutional Mexican monarchy that preserved traditional religious/military privileges & social "union"
  • 1821 - Iturbide enters Mexico City triumphantly where crowds called for his coronation as Agustín I
  • Constitutional monarchy did not work out
  • When Iturbide closed congress, military leaders overthrew him & ushered in a republic

Women After the Revolution

Postcolonial Instability (cont.)

French and Latin American Revolution

  • political theory vs. social reality (i.e. racial equality)
  • notion of a popular sovereignty, a government "of the people"
  • Eurocentric, ideologues
  • church-state argument

French Revolution

Latin American Revolution

Following independence, women were expected to go back to their usual professions as house wives and mothers. The social boundaries were drawn back to normal for them, but women were more educated than ever.

= partisan politics emerged

  • class pyramid organized by wealth
  • church under government control
  • under strict rule of a king
  • destroying a class system
  • overcoming a stronger country/questioning the legitimacy of king
  • fighting for rights
  • popular sovereignty
  • liberalism
  • many great leaders arose
  • class pyramid organized by race/"blood"
  • people suppressed due to race
  • women impacted the revolts
  • Latin Americans were ruled by a a mother country
  • church influential

Brazilian Independence

What can bring the people together?

Liberals

Conservatives

Nativism

  • The American cause
  • Americanos
  • Eurocentric, ideological
  • looked at progressive models (U.S., French, & English)
  • Separation of church & state
  • Common people
  • traditionalists - colonial or Spanish models
  • "know your place"
  • church/Catholicism very important
  • proclaimed "Anarchy"
  • militaristic

Colonial vs. Postcolonial* = very much the same

Policarpa Salavarieta

"La Pola"

The Brazilian Counterexample (cont.)

The Brazilian Counterexample

  • postcolonial = self-governing, but still shaped by colonial heritage
  • independent, sovereign nations (constitutional republics, save Brazil)
  • society remained largely unchanged
  • language and laws

The most famous Latina spy goes under the name of "La Pola". She would use her identity as a seamstress to gain entry into the homes of Creoles. La Pola was caught in 1817, and sentenced to a harsh death. Her face was used as a martyr to the Latin American Revolution and remains a heroine.

Postcolonial Instability

1825-1850

  • monarchy/nobility
  • united
  • provincial governors appointed by Rio
  • strong imperial army
  • burgeoning economy (coffee) = strong imperial capital

DREAM

REALITY

  • liberty
  • equality
  • popular sovereignty
  • "America for Americans"
  • few resources
  • conservative hierarchy, little social mobilization
  • political violence and corruption
  • absence of "true" liberalism (social & economic changes like a rise in capitalist trade, manufacturing, and a middle class)
  • US South (exploitative labor systems)
  • need for capital; no banks
  • control of import/export trade
  • lack of transportation infrastructure
  • overdeveloped armies, understaffed governments
  • social hierarchy/caste system changed very little at first
  • hegemony
  • Pedro I had authoritarian tendencies
  • inflationary policies
  • wars in the south
  • adultery
  • continued involvement in Portuguese politics
  • Portuguese still occupied positions of power in independent Brazil
  • = Brazilians wanted "Brazil for the Brazilians"
  • = riots and instability
  • = liberals worried about recolonization
  • 1831 - Pedro I abdicates the throne & returns to Portugal, leaves his son, Prince Pedro, in power
  • 1831-40 - regency years (instability)
  • regents instituted liberal policies, but then wanted their power back
  • = Brazil needed strong royal authority over democracy
  • = 1840 - national assembly voted to put Prince Pedro on the throne
  • patriarchy

Pedro II

Patronage Politics and the rise of Caudillismo

  • Both liberals and conservatives saw politics as a means to attain personal wealth and success
  • Objective = win office, take over government, distribute "spoils" of office
  • Patron gave these "spoils" (patronage) to family, friends, political allies, servants, employees, & followers to reward loyalty
  • Led to widespread corruption
  • Less about partisan politics and more about loyalty
  • Caudillos rose to power

Juan Manuel de Rosas

Caudillismo

Society and Daily Life

  • subsistence farming
  • free trade
  • landowners were the most powerful
  • countryside defined national identity
  • folk art and dance
  • costumbrismo
  • civilized vs. uncivilized
  • honor system changed slightly (i.e. chastity, motherhood, military service, etc.)
  • social hierarchy depended upon wealth, "decency"
  • two basic class categories: "decent people" and "el pueblo"
  • powerful political leaders
  • often landowners
  • frequently came from the upper classes
  • often war heroes/generals
  • embodied ideal "masculine" qualities like bravery, loyalty, generosity, sexual glamour
  • possessed a "common touch"/charisma
  • often great orators
  • as caudillos rose to power, their sole public service became maintaining order, providing security, and protecting property

Pedro II

Antonio López de Santa Anna

South America

Spanish American Independence Movements

Mexico - Fathers Miguel Hidalgo and José María Morelos (uprisings from below)

Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador - Remained relatively stable during crisis years of early 1810s

Fringe Spanish LA (i.e. Venezuela & Argentina) - Patriot juntas of Caracas and BA began as cabildos abiertos of the most influential citizens (revolution from above)

- patriots ultimately subdued by llaneros in Venezuela

- by 1810, Peninsular control had ended in BA

Movements in Society

Starting in the late eighteen hundreds, societies began to reform depending on how prone the countries were to enlightenment.

Women were the first to get jobs in the industrial business, having better jobs than most men at the time. Women from all countries would come together as feminists to discuss their problems on to a common understanding, over coming tradition and old ways of society.

Women in Politics

Women were always behind in political power. The earliest countries to grant voting rights to women were Cuba (1934) and Puerto Rico (1932), even though these two countries were highly controlled by the United States. Motivation drove women from restricted countries to fight even harder for their own rights. Political writings also have helped women achieve more rights in this area.

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