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A Brief History of Drug Use and Policy

1980s

1898

  • Crack cocaine “epidemic”, or scare, emerges in primarily urban communities.
  • 1980 – 1988
  • Ronald Reagan is President
  • Drugs again become a political issue due to the influence of grassroots parent groups
  • Campaigns on the War on Drugs and “Just Say No” become every day political rhetoric

Heroin is marked as a nonaddictive, safe substitute for morphine.

1960s

2000s

1906

1920

1933

1969 - 1974

1980

1990

1850s - 1900

Prohibition Ends!

Federally funded drug rehabs greatly increase as does methadone treatment for heroin addicts.

  • Research in medicine explores drug use and treatment, particularly hallucinogens such as LSD.
  • FDA campaign and laws focus on restricting the use of amphetamines.
  • Nonconformist counterculture ("hippies", white middle class, etc.) popularize use of marijuana and evolves the public view of the drug.
  • Cocaine popularity reemerges.

The Volstead Act is passed and Prohibition begins, with the "nationwide constitutional ban on the sale, production, importation, and transportation of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933. It was promoted by the "dry" crusaders, a movement led by rural Protestants and social Progressives in the Democratic and Republican parties, and was coordinated by the Anti-Saloon League, and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Prohibition was mandated under the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution."

Morphine and heroin are widely available.

Upton Sinclair publishes The Jungle, a harrowing account of the meat-packing industry. With support from President Teddy Roosevelt, Sinclair's work led to the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906: ending the use of opiates in the patent medicine industry and initiating action for public health against unsafe and unlabeled ingredients, "quackery," and misleading advertising. Patent medicines were medications with ingredients that had been granted patents, or protection. However, many medications were deadly without regulation of their ingredients.

  • Rise in the use of methamphetamine.
  • Nonmedical use of prescription drugs becomes a concern.
  • Cocaine remains the dominant illegal drug, but heroin is making a comeback.

The American Medical Association added addiction medicine to its designated specialties.

The FDA altered policy, now requiring the labels of tranquilizers to indicate that they are not appropriate for use to relieve the stress of every day life.

1910

1930

1940

1970

1800

1900

1920

1960

1850

2010

2000

1980

1990

1950

1988

1914

1880s

1808

1962

2012

Enthusiasm develops for the use of the coca plant and cocaine in treating morphine addiction and “feeling good.”

1990s

  • Anti-Drug Use Act of 1988 was passed for the “United States Government to create a Drug-Free America by 1995.”

  • The act allowed for fines and ineligibility for federal benefits such as education loans.

  • Origin of the Prohibition Movement

  • Prohibition is defined by the notion that alcohol is ultimately dangerous for everyone.

The Harrison Narcotics Tax Act was passed on December 17, 1914. The Harrison Act regulated and taxed the production, distribution, and importation of opiates, i.e., in order to curtail the nonmedical use of coca and opiates.

Although Supreme Court decisions said otherwise, federal drug enforcement arrested doctors for prescribing narcotics for addicts.

Medical marijuana and the legalization of marijuana becomes an increasingly popular political issue.

LSD is popularized by Harvard psychologist Timothy Leary.

  • Less political interest in drug abuse.
  • Prison overcrowding results in intervention and drug treatment programs.
  • Mandatory minimums, especially for crack cocaine, come under fire for being unjust and targeting poor, minority communities.
  • The War on Drugs starts to be seen as having unequal outcomes for racial groups, with communities of color disproportionately impacted and targeted by law enforcement, resulting in greater incarceration rates for blacks than whites.
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