Solid Waste Management in Malaysia

• To provide an analysis of the status, challenges and future strategies to issues related to Solid Waste Management in Malaysia.

Plasma

Gassification

Chamber

Solid Waste Management in Malaysia

Status, Challenges and Future Strategies

OBJECTIVE

Background

Plasma

Gasification

Chamber

Future Strategies

By: Zaipul Anwar, Wan Md Syukri, Ahmad Rahman, Nooh Abu Bakar

MJIIT UTM, Kuala Lumpur

MJJIT - JUC International Symposium 2013 (MJJIS 2013)

6-8 November, 2013, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan

Alternative Technology (Various Kind)

Plasma Waste Treatment Technology

(One of the proposed system to be used)

Source: Kalinenko, R. A.; Kuznetsov, A. P.; Levitsky, A. A.; Messerle, V. E.; Mirokhin, Z. B.; Polak; Sakipov, L. S.; Ustimenko, A. B. (1993). "Pulverized coal plasma gasification". Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 13 (1): 141–167. doi:10.1007/BF01447176. (subscription required). Retrieved 2012-03-08.

Plasma gasification is a process which converts organic matter into synthesis gas, electricity, and slag using plasma. A plasma torch powered by an electric arc is used to ionize gas and catalyze organic matter into synthesis gas and solid waste (glass slag). It is used commercially as a form of waste treatment and has been tested for the gasification of biomass and solid hydrocarbons, such as coal, oil sands, and oil shale.

The development of pyrolysis and gasification technologies has been successfully deployed in a large scale plants in Europe, North America and Japan [10]. Among the applications used is to treat hazardous waste such as radioactive waste. With this technology than Lynas Advanced Materials Plant (LAMP) that produce Thorium (radioactive waste) will not become a political issue at all?

Approach to Zero Waste System

Conventional System vs Zero Waste System

The Linear Production-Consumption-Disposal System: An Outdated 20th Century Approach

Recycling Program

Lack of regulations and guidelines that are sustainable are one of the most serious problems that hinder the success of a recycling programme in Malaysia.

As an example, the programmes in Japan are carried out both through private and public systems, recycling is carried out through retailers’ trade-in, barter system activities and community- based systems. While Germany has in place regulations on deposit system, waste disposal tax and amount of waste to be utilised in production [9].

Solid waste recycling in Malaysia has a long way to go. Effort to reduce waste through waste minimisation or recycling should be planned properly and this does not mean that we have to switch to capital-intensive and sophisticated systems because they are not necessarily more effective and efficient.

Decision Support System

In Malaysia, solid waste analysis and data for major towns and cities basically have not been well documented [7].

Successful waste management in any given country depends on reliable information about quantities, types, and the amount of material that can be captured and expected to envisage proper decision making in the future. [7]

summary / Fast Facts

In conclusion, Malaysia’s solid waste management strategies had to a certain degree been able to improved the environmental quality, public health, and socio-economic development as detailed in the country’s Vision 2020

However, a fundamental requirement for more efforts to increase effectiveness and efficiency in achieving the set objectives on solid waste management with an integrated and sustainable perspective is absolutely a necessity by the local, state, and federal governments for a clean, green, and beautiful Malaysia for all to cherish in the future.

References

[8] A. Omran, A. Mahmood, H. Abdul Aziz, and G. M. Robinson, “Investigating households attitude toward recycling of solid waste in Malaysia: a case study,” International journal of environmental research, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 275–288, 2009.

[9] N. Hassan, T. L. Chong, M. Rahman, and M. Awang, “Recycling model in developing countries: an illustration for Malaysia,” in Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing, 2001. Proceedings EcoDesign 2001: Second International Symposium on, 2001, pp. 494–498.

[10] E. Gomez, D. A. Rani, C. R. Cheeseman, D. Deegan, M. Wise, and A. R. Boccaccini, “Thermal plasma technology for the treatment of wastes: A critical review,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 161, no. 2, pp. 614–626, 2009.

[11]Unit, Economic Planning. "Eighth Malaysia Plan 2001- 2005." Economic Planning Unit Malaysia (2001).

[12]Unit, Economic Planning. "The 9th Malaysia plan: 2006- 2010." Putra Jaya, Malaysia: Prime Minister’s Department (2006).

[13]L. A. Manaf, M. A. A. Samah, and N. I. M. Zukki, “Municipal solid waste management in Malaysia: Practices and challenges,” Waste Management, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 2902–2906, 2009.

[1] Nadzri, Yahaya. "The Way Forward: Solid Waste Managment in Malaysia." 10th Annual Waste Management Conference & Exhibition, Malaysia, p.10, 19 July, 2013.

[2] Budhiarta, I., Siwar, C., & Basri, H. (2011). Current status of municipal solid waste generation in Malaysia. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 2(2), 16–21.

[3] N. Yahaya and I. Larsen, “Federalising Solid Waste Management in Peninsular Malaysia,” in Proceeding of International Solid Waste Association (ISWA) World Congress, Singapore, 2008.

[4] “World Development Indicators | The World Bank.” [Online]. Available: http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/3.9. [Accessed: 04- Aug-2013].

[5] C. Achillas, C. Vlachokostas, N. Moussiopoulos, G. Banias, G. Kafetzopoulos, and A. Karagiannidis, “Social acceptance for the development of a waste-to-energy plant in an urban area,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 55, no. 9– 10, pp. 857–863, Jul. 2011.

[6] V. Misra and S. D. Pandey, “Hazardous waste, impact on health and environment for development of better waste management strategies in future in India,” Environment international, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 417–431, 2005.

[7] D. Badgie, M. A. Samah, L. A. Manaf, and A. B. Muda, “Assessment of municipal solid waste composition in Malaysia: Management, practice and challenges,” Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 539–547, 2012.

Status

Presentation can be downloaded from:

http://www.zaipul.com

Collection and transportation

Thank You

for

Your Attention.

&

Don't Forget To:

Recovery, treatment and disposal

Status

Challenges

So do Malaysia should go

about in managing waste in

the future?

Landfill

Due to increasing lack of space for new landfills, authorities in major cities in Malaysia are studying other waste management approaches. Among them is an approach to move away from unsanitary landfills due to its capability to produce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions such as methane and carbon dioxide.

According to statistics produced by World Bank, in 2010 Malaysia produce 42.2% more Methane, 250.5% more carbon dioxide, 10.4% more Nitrous Oxide and 99.9% other type of GHG than previous years from 1990 - 2010 as shown in Table 2 [4]

Location of waste disposal sites in Peninsular Malaysia. The data on the map above was collected from Ministry of Housing and Local Government Malaysia by personal communication. Source: (Bin-Hasnan, M-Z., Personal Communication, April 14, 2010)

After knowing all the facts just now, so how should we go about in managing the future of waste in Malaysia?

What is Zero Trash/Waste?

Zero waste is a philosophy that encourages the redesign of resource life cycles so that all products are reused. No trash is sent to landfills and incinerators.

Source: Zero Waste International Alliance (zwia.org).

Incinerator

One of the best approach as what has become

the trend now is to:-

Despite being an attractive technological option for waste management, this type of combustion-based processes for municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment are a subject of intense debate around the world. [5] In the absence of effective controls, harmful pollutants such as dioxins may be emitted into the air, land and water which may influence human health and environment.

TO PRODUCE NO WASTE AT ALL!!

Or what is better known as

ZERO WASTE

High Cost

Introduction

& History

According to Malaysia's current Director General of National Solid Waste Management Department,

40% - 80% of LA expenditure are on managing solid waste and public cleansing.

The cost of SWM services per premise is around RM15.00 and the privatisation of the SWM had cost the Malaysian Government more than RM300 million.

Capital expenditure (Capex) for a new landfill will be more than RM30 million in average whereas the operating expenditure (Opex) of a landfill is around RM30.00 - RM40.00/tonne in average

• 40% - 80% LA expenditure on SWM
• Capex for landfill = RM30 mil

Here are some important statistics:-

• In Malaysia, only 2% of municipal waste is recycle.
• Only about 42% is incinerated or chemically treated.
• The rest (56%) is dumped into landfills to decompose or not to decompose.

Public awareness and enforcement

The government has launched several recycling campaigns in 2000s to involve the participation of NGOs and community groups as well as the launch of an extensive public education and publicity campaign.

After more than two years of recycling campaigns, only 2% of waste is recycled while it will takes only 9.5 days to fill the Petronas Twin Towers with garbage [8]

Some material like plastics and metal may take a thousand years to decompose plus they emit harmful green house gas (GHG) such as methane, carbon dioxide & nitrous oxide.

9.5 days

2% only!

Introduction & History