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Session 4: National Security and Bio Threats
President Obama’s National Strategy for
Countering Biological Threats
What if.....
Goal: PROTECT against the misuse of the life sciences to develop or use biological weapons.
Objectives:
Promote global health security
Reinforce norms of safe and responsible conduct
Obtain insight on current and emerging risks
Take steps to reduce the potential for exploitation
Expand our capability to prevent, apprehend ,and attribute
Communicate effectively with all stakeholders
Transform the international dialogue on biothreats
5
Spectrum of Bio Threats
Chronic
Disease
Emerging
Disease
Misuse of
Dual use
Technology
Bio
Terror
Bio
War
Hypothesis:
Good Global Health Security Policy will:
1) Reduce the impact of the left end of the spectrum
2) Reduce the likelihood of the right half of the spectrum
3) Provide some transparency regarding capabilities and intent
4) Undermine the popular support for terrorism
.
Amerithrax
Soon after the terrorist attacks of 9/11/01, letters laced with anthrax began appearing in the U.S. mail. Five Americans were killed, 17 were sickened, and the nation was terrorized in what became the worst biological attacks in U.S. history.
The ensuing investigation by the FBI and its partners—code-named “Amerithrax”—has been one of the largest and most complex in the history of law enforcement.
In August 2008, Department of Justice and FBI officials announced a breakthrough in the case and released documents and information showing that charges were about to be brought against Dr. Bruce Ivins, who took his own life before those charges could be filed.
What is the biological threat?
www.fbi.gov/anthrax/amerithraxlinks.htm
AQI Call for WMD Expertise
Terrorists with Intent:
BW Expertise and Materials?
Aum Shinrikyo
State-Sponsored WMD Programs
Terrorist
Al Qaeda, Jemaah Islamiyah, Lone Actors
Naturally occurring infectious disease
Emerging infectious disease
Unpredictable sources of pathogens
“Proliferation” of Biocontainment labs
Rapid advances in Biotechnology
Genetic Engineering
Ubiquitous knowledge
Low resource requirements
Intent…
``We are in dire need of you. The field of jihad can satisfy your scientific ambitions, and the large American bases [in Iraq] are good places to test your unconventional weapons, whether biological or dirty, as they call them.”
~ Abu Ayyub al-Masri, Al-Qaeda in Iraq
BW: It's not Rocket Science
Tarnak Farms
al Q’aida training camp
Kandahar, Afghanistan
Tarnak AQ Document:
“Anti-Human”
Anthrax
Plague
“Anti-Animal”
FMD
Fowl Plague (AI)
Links to JI
Rapid Global Expansion
of Dual-Use Biotechnology
Unprecedented power to create and manipulate organisms
Net Positive:
Global public health; industry; diversified economies
New Risks:
- Infectious Agents at More Bioscience Facilities
- Biocontainment Labs
- Increasing Number of Scientists with Dual-Use Expertise
- Potential for Accidental Release or Intentional Misuse of Pathogens
Economic Impact of Infectious Disease
Not only direct health care costs, but also productivity (people are unable to work/contribute to the economy), as well as on trade and commerce.
Avian Influenza (World Bank)
Asia: >US$10 B & 140 M birds culled
Among Humans in U.S.: Loss of about 2% U.S. GDP over one year
Worldwide mortality due to infectious diseases
6
http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2012/en/index.html
Mother Nature
Global outbreaks of infectious disease present a growing threat to international security- Health, Agriculture, Environment and Economic.
Generate unpredictable sources of agents sought by terrorists.
Pathogens know no borders, need no visas.
Effective surveillance, detection, control and response to infectious diseases currently very limited.
What are the "Biological Threats"
to the U.S.?
Obama: 2015
National Security Strategy (updated...)
- "Developing a global capacity to prevent, detect, and rapidly respond to biological threats like Ebola through the Global Health Security Agenda"
- "Strong and sustainable American leadership"
- "Russia's violation of Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity — as well as its belligerent stance toward other neighboring countries — endangers international norms that have largely been taken for granted since the end of the Cold War,"
Bush 2006
At the same time, America’s relations with other nations have been strong enough to withstand differences and candid exchanges of views.
Some of our oldest and closest friends disagreed with U.S. policy in Iraq. There are ongoing and serious debates with our allies about how best to address the unique and evolving nature of the global terrorist threat.
We have disagreed on the steps to reduce agricultural subsidies and achieve success in the WTO Doha Round of trade negotiations. We have also faced challenges in forging consensus with other major nations on the most effective measures to protect the environment.
Bush 2006 (on cooperation…)
The United States has enjoyed unprecedented levels of cooperation on many of its highest national security priorities:
The global coalition against terror has grown and deepened. The nations that have partnered with us in Afghanistan and Iraq have developed capabilities that can be applied to other challenges.
We have joined with other nations around the world as well as numerous multilateral organizations to improve the capability of all nations to defend their homelands against terrorists and transnational criminals.
We have achieved extraordinary coordination among historic rivals in pressing the DPRK to abandon its nuclear program.
We have partnered with European allies and international institutions to pressure Iran to honor its non-proliferation commitments.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is transforming itself to meet current threats and is playing a leading role in stabilizing the Balkans and Afghanistan, as well as training the Iraqi military leadership to address its security challenges.
Obama 2010
11) Strengthen Education and Human Capital
12) Enhance Science, Technology, and Innovation
13) Achieve Balanced and Sustainable Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14) Accelerate Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15) Spend Taxpayers’ Dollars Wisely
16) Promote Democracy and Human Rights Abroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17) Promote Dignity by Meeting Basic Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18) International Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19) Ensure Strong Alliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Build Cooperation with Other 21st Century Centers of Influence
Strengthen Institutions and Mechanisms for Cooperation
Sustain Broad Cooperation on Key Global Challenges
Obama 2010
Example: DoD
National Strategy for Countering Biological threats
(A Few Interesting Highlights)
Builds upon....HSPD-10, NSPD-33, HSPD-9, 18, 21, etc. etc
Attempts to unite security and global health community
1) Pursuing Comprehensive Engagement
2) Promoting a Just and Sustainable International Order
3) Strengthening National Capacity—A Whole of Government Approach
4) Strengthen Security and Resilience at Home
5) Disrupt, Dismantle, and Defeat Al-Qa’ida and its Violent Extremist Affiliates in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Around the World
6) Use of Force
7) Reverse the Spread of Nuclear and Biological Weapons and Secure Nuclear Materials
8) Advance Peace, Security, and Opportunity in the Greater Middle East
9) Invest in the Capacity of Strong and Capable Partners
10) Secure Cyberspace
Is an executive policy framework (not legislation)
Directs USG to support international legal frameworks (BWC, IHR).
7
Addresses "culture of responsibility"
Obama 2010
American interests are enduring. They are:
•The security of the United States, its citizens, and U.S. allies and partners;
•A strong, innovative, and growing U.S. economy in an open international economic system that promotes opportunity and prosperity;
•Respect for universal values at home and around the world; and
•An international order advanced by U.S. leadership that promotes peace, security, and opportunity through stronger cooperation to meet global challenges.