cellulases, cellodextrinase,
xylanases, glycosidases and aryl esterases
ability to rapidly catabolize plant material,
predominantly cellulose and hemicellulose
zoospores, via a chemotactic
response, are able to rapidly utilize the nutrients,
particularly glucose, sucrose and fructose, in
freshly ingested plantmaterial
require anaerobic-specific exogenous supplies of nutrients
such as fatty acids, sterols and vitamins are
necessary
perform mixed-acid fermentation,
which is normally carried out by bacteria
rumen of animals
Anaerobic
due to enzymes = wall-bound acid phosphatase, wall-bound and extracellular
acid phosphomonoesterase and proteases
compatible solutes, often polyhydric alcohols or organic
acids. The polyols include glycerol, arabitol,
erythritol andmannitol
protect hydrated biopolymers and allows
structural integrity under low-water potential conditions
shrinkage of hyphae occurred at
slow cooling rates, and intracellular ice formation
at faster rates of cooling
Due to low water content = no ice formation which affect spore integrity
Psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermotolerant
and true thermophiles
high osmotic/
water potential affects nutrient uptake, protein
biosynthesis and a number of enzyme activities
Low temperatures
hyphal septa
were found to form no barriers
Extreme Environments
Osmoregulators or compatible
solutes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Neurospora
crassa, Aspergillus nidulas, Achlya ambisexualis
and Schizophillumcommune
halophilic, osmophilic,
osmotolerant, xerotolerant or xerophilic
Arctic, tundra, ocean
Thermotolerance
water availability
Growth vs Survival
Heat shock proteins
Rapid freezing = nucleation of ice
fungi have a very rigid
cell wall, this prevents swelling of the cytoplasm
arabitol, erythritol, glycerol, proline and trehalose
-philes vs -tolerant
Mechanism
Ultrastructure thermostability
bound water vs free water
Molecular thermostability
Rapid synthesis of essential metabolites
Lipid solubilization
possession of flagella,
modifications of cell walls and membranes, and in
biochemical activity including respiration and oxidative
phosphorylation.
Increase fluidity of saturated lipids at higher temperature
Acidophiles and Alkalophiles
osmotic barrier to external maintain the cytoplasmic components at a pH
different to that of the surrounding substrate
Irradiation
Vacuolar H+ influx
non-ionizing radiation (UV) and ionizing (man-made)
pigmentation
grow more rapidly in the absence of competitors
nutrients available
