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Transcript

The Immunity System Flowchart

Third Line of Defense

If the foreign agent has penetrated the non- specific barriers the message is then passed on to the 3rd line of defence as the other lines of defences need help because the bacteria is too strong and could be harmful to the body. The 3rd Line of defence is specific so the body knows what cells it has to kill and the cells know they need to find the specific antigen to match the virus to destroy it and to prevent it from multiplying. The 3rd line of defence uses antibodies to protect the body and make sure the virus doesn’t harm the body they also use Lymphocytes, which are types of white blood cells that destroy foreign material, the two main types used to kill the virus are B-lymphocytes and T Lymphocytes. These lymphocytes destroy foreign materials, by using their receptors to feel the surface of each cell in the body looking for foreign antigens, Cells that are ‘’non-self’’ have antigens and cells that are ‘’self’’ have markers which are basically the same thing as they both are small proteins on cells but the lymphocytes can detect a self marker and they know not to attack the cell. Lymphocytes produce antibodies but they can only produce one type of antibody so a huge number of different types are needed. Each lymphocyte has some of its antibody on its surface, each antibody fits a particular antigen on a foreign material, once the right antibody fits the antigen they can destroy the pathogen because the B and T cells have figured out how to kill the virus. Lymphocytes can destroy the virus quicker by producing a clone of many identical cells (Plasma Cells) this is also known as mitosis. Because they produce large quantities of the same antibody to disable the virus and tag them from destruction. So the more antibodies they produce will kill the virus and non-self cells quicker. If the same virus enters the body some activated B cells become memory cells. So they can produce large amounts of antibodies very quickly when stimulated. so when you get the same virus your immune system clears it out quickly because your body is immune to the virus.

 

Second Line of Defense

The 2nd Line of defence now responses when the virus gets past the 1st line of defence, the virus is now in the body, the 2nd line of defence still doesn’t know what the virus is as it is non-specific so it will kill anything that is non-self. The 2nd line of defence uses methods to remove all foreign material such as inflammatory respnoses and phagocytosis. The Phagocytes are white blood cells that engulf and destroy foreign cells; there are two types of phagocytes that can be used to destroy the virus they are known as Neutrophils or Macs. The 2nd line of defence makes the body get symptoms so it can fight of the virus. Some of the symptoms are fevers and inflammation responses. Some of the protective proteins and Natural killer cells also help kill non-self cells.The virus survives in the body and the 2nd line of defence can’t stop or destroy it.

First Line of Defense

The 1st of Defence is non-specific when means it doesn’t know what it is fighting it just kills anything that is non-self. The 1st line of defence job it to stop foreign material from entering the body, so it basically acts as the bodies outside barrier and try’s to prevent the virus from entering the body. Skin, Mucus membrane, secretion, natural floral and sneezing all try to stop the bacteria from infecting the body but the virus gets past the 1st line of defence.

The Immune System

Bacteria is trying to enter the body, the immune system is the body’s defence against foreign material, which includes Bacteria, infections, parasites and viruses. The body protects itself by three lines of defence; the three lines of defence also work together to destroy the pathogen that has entered your body.

By Elle Austin

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