War and Revolution

Chapter 23: War and Revolution

The Road to War

A. Europeans believed wrongly

that if states were organized

along national lines, they would

work together.

B. Asassination in Sarajevo

1. June 28, 1914 A-H heir

Francis Ferdinand & wife

were killed touring Sarajevo,

Bosnia

2. killed by Gavrilo Princip

(Black Hand)

B. 3 main reasons for WWI

1. Imperialism

2. Militarism

3. Alliances

C. Alliances

1. rivalries over colonies & trade grew

during an age of nationalism &

imperialism

2. Triple Alliance (1882)- GER,

A-H, & Italy

I. Illusions & Stalemate

A. Government propaganda had

worked in stirring up national

hatreds before the war.

C. Austria-Hungary Responds

1. A-H thought the Serbian gov. was involved

2. A-H wanted to attack Serbia but feared

Russia

3. A-H turned to Germany.

4. Germany wrote A-H a "blank check"

5. A-H issued ultimatum: allow Serbia

to investigate murder & Serbia must

suppress its subversive

movement

6. Serbia agreed to all

of the demands

except investigating

3. Triple Entente-FR,

GB, & Russia

4. Nationalism led to

competition

D. A-H declared war

Chapter 23: War & Revolution

E. Czar Nicholas II asked for a partial

moblization

B. propaganda- ideas spread to

influence public opinion for/against a

cause

C. Most people believed that their country's

cause was just.

D. People were enthusiastic about war &

believed it would be over by

Christmas

E. Western Front

Section 2: The War

b. armies doubled

in size

F. Mobilization is the process of assembling

troops & supplies & making them ready for

war.

c. exception to draft laws- US & GB

D. Internal Dissent

1. social labor movements had

grown more powerful.

2. conservative leaders' desire to

suppress internal disorder may

have caused some leaders to

plunge into WWI

2. Russian army the largest w/ 1.3 million

men

3. military leaders drew up complex plans

for mobilizing millions of men & vast amt.

of supplies in the event of war

G. Generals said no partial mobilization because

it would cause chaos in the army.

H. Full mobilization meant that Germany

would consider this an act of war.

I. Czar ordered full mobilization on

July 29.

J. Germany declared war

on August 1.

Central Powers (GER, A-H, Ottaman Empire, & Bulgaria) vs. Allied Powers

(GB, FR, RUS, Serbia, Belgium,

Jap, Mont.)

E. Militarism

1. growth of large armies

a. conscription began

1. Germany hoped

Schlieffen Plan would

help fight 2-front war

II. The Outbreak of War: Summer 1914

A. The Serbian Problem

1. 1914 Serbia supported by Russia was

determined to create an independent

Slavic state

2. A-H was determined to not

let that happen

2. Schlieffen Plan

a. hurry up & defeat FR (6 wks) then

transport troops to Rus who

would mobilize slowly

b. get to FR by encircling movement

through Belgium & surround Paris

c. problems w/delays & Rus mobilized

quickly

IV. The Impact of Total War

3. German advance was halted a

short distance from Paris at the

1st Battle of the Marne

4. Germans

A. Total War- involving a complete

mobilization of resources & people.

D. Air War

B. Price, wage, and rent controls put in place.

1. Airplanes introduced

abandoned Schlieffen Plan after Battle of the Marne

2. 1st used to spot enemy's position

Chapter 23: War and Revolution

5. Battle of Marne raised FR morale

C. Capitalist systems became planned economies

D. Governments rations food, supplies, &

materials.

3. Then used to to attack ground targets.

E. Battle of Ypres- GER started using

poison gas & chlorine

1. western front

2. ~500 mi. of trenches

III. Entry of the US

6. trench warfare- fighting from ditches protected by barbed wire, as in WWI

E. Manipulation of Public Opinion

1. newspapers suspended or censored

2. protestors arrested as traitors

3. A-H, Russia, & GER used force

4. propaganda

3. trenches protected by barbed

wire, concrete machine-gun

nests, protected by heavy

artillery

Section 4: End of War

F. The Eastern Front

1. Battle of Tannenberg the Russians

were defeated by Germans

2. A-H defeated by the Russians &

thrown out of Serbia

F. Battle of the Somme- BR introduced the

tank

G. Russia tried to hold on Eastern Front

but had moral problems

H. GB tried to attack the Dardanelles by

sea, but failed

I. GB blockaded GER ports

J. GER began using unrestricted sub

warfare

A. Y?

1. GER resumed unrestricted

submarine warfare

2. Zimmerman Note=GER

ambassador sent telegram

to MEX that if MEX joined

CP, will get SW US

3. sinking of the Lusitania was

sunk by German forces

4. GER sunk 4 US merchant

ships

1916-1917: The Great Slaughter

A. War basically a stalemate

4. trenches separated by no-man's

land

C. Battle of Verdun

1. 10 mos. FR held firm

2. Germans goal was to kill as many

FR soldiers as possible.

3. one of bloodiest of

the war

B. trench warfare

B. Russian Revolution

begins

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c. Treaties w/ A-H, Ottaman Empire, Bulg. all lost land

II. The Peace Settlements

1. delegates met in Paris in

early 1919 to determine

the peace settlement

F. Sailors mutinied & Kaiser William II left the country.

6. New nations= Finland, Estonia,

Latvia, Lithuania, Poland,

Czechoslavkia, Yugoslavia

I. The Last Year

2. the Big Four- Woodrow Wilson, David

Lloyd George, George Clemenceau,

Vittorio Orlando

G. New German government

signed an armistic on Nov. 11,

1918

A. 1917- Russian Revolution

began & Allied offensives on

the Western Front had been

defeated.

C. Effects of the War

1. political instability

2. 10 million people dead

3. authoritarian rule became

a way of life

3. Wilson was committed to the League of

Nations so he compromised

A. Wilson's Proposals

1. need more democratic

governments

2. Wilson became the

spokesperson for the new world

order

3. open seas, limits on arms, end

secret alliances, self-

determination, international

org. for peace

B. Germany launched a new offensive

attack on West once Russia pulled out

the war.

H. Revolutionary Forces

1. Unhappy w/ GER gov. set up by

the Social Democratic Party,

radicals set up the Communist

Party

2. Social Democratic gov.

defeated Communist

revolutions

4. separate peace treaties with each nation

5. Treaty of Versailles= treaty w/GER

a. reduced GER army, took away land,

stripped GER of overseas possessions

b. War Guilt Clause= (Article 231) get

blamed for war & owed reparations

$33 billion over 30 yrs.

C. The Second Battle of the Marne

Germany stopped again.

D. Sept. 29, 1918 Ludendorff informed

German leaders the war was lost

E. Allies unwilling to make peace

w/ a dictator.

B. Paris Peace

Conference