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Cerebral Cortex

Cerebral Cortex Continued

  • Cerebral Cortex: the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center
  • Motor Cortex: an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
  • Sensory Cortex: the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
  • Aphasia: impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's Area (imparing speacking) or Wernicke's Area (imparing understanding)
  • Broca's Area: controls langage expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements invovled in speech
  • Wernicke's Area: controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe
  • Frontal Lobe: the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements
  • Parietal Lobe: the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and torward the rear; receives the sensory input for touch and body position
  • Occipital Lobe: the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, each receiving information from the opposite visual field
  • Temporal Lobe: the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear

Real Life Scenarios

  • If you were in a car accident and experienced changes in behavior and decision making; this could be caused by damage to your frontal lobe.
  • Affter suffering trauma to the head; you can lose musical and sound perception due damage to the temporal lobe.
  • Brain lesions can be caused by viruses such as meningitis.
  • If you are suspected of having a brain tumor; an MRI would be able to diagnose this suspicion.
  • FMRIs help assess the effects of stroke, trauma or degenerative disease (such as Alzheimer's) on brain function.
  • The EEG is used to evaluate several types of brain disorders such as epilepsy. When epilepsy is present, seizure activity will appear as rapid spiking waves on the EEG.
  • PET scans are most commonly used to detect cancer, heart problems, brain disorders, and problems with the central nervous system. When used to detect cancer, the test allows doctors to see how the cancer metabolizes, how it may spread, and how well treatments are working.

Real Life Scenarios

  • Many people who survive strokes experience aphasia; which causes difficulty in speaking, trying to complete their thoughts, and understanding conversation. This is due to the damage in both Broca's and Wernicke's areas.
  • If you burn your finger or your knee itches, the somatic sensory cortex makes sure you know it. However, if this part of your brain was damaged the results would lead to an impaired ability to sense touch and temperature.

The Brain

Neuroimaging

Divided Brain

  • Lesion: tissue destruction; a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain
  • Functional MRI: can reveal the the brain's functioning as well as its structure; where the brainis especially active the blood goes
  • Electroencephalogram (EEG): an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface; these waves are measured by electrodes placed on scalp
  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET): a visual display of brain activity that dectects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

  • Plasticity: the brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain developement
  • Corpus Callosum: the large band of neural fibers connecting two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
  • Split Brain: a condition in which the brain's two hemispheres are isolated by cutting the fibers (mainly those in the corpus callosum) connecting them
  • Brain Stem: the oldest part of and central core of the brain, beginning where the the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brain stem is is responsible for automatic survival functions
  • Medulla: the base of the brain stem; controls heart-beat and breathing
  • Thalamus: the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brain stem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and the medulla
  • Reticular Formation: psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites
  • Cerebellum: the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brain stem; its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance

Real Life Scenarios

  • After being in a car accident you might lose control of moving one hand. After some physical therapy you can learn how to move your hand again due to brain plasticity.
  • If you have a split brain, then your corpus collosum is cut in-half, tying your shoes can become a difficult task when your right brain is not connected with your left.

Real Life Scenarios

  • A mild brain stem injury, known as a concussion, is very common in sports like football. These concussions can be defined by a change in mental state following the injury, sudden memory loss, or a brief loss of consciousness.
  • If you were to fall backwards and smack the back of your head, you might find it very diffcult to standup or even make the slightest movents. This would be due to damage in cerebellum.
  • If you experience erratic heart rate, blood pressure, and have trouble breathing; your medulla is most likely the cause due to a blow to the head.

Limbic System

  • Limbic System: a dough-nut shaped system of neutral structures below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex
  • Amygdala: two lima bean-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion (fear and anger)
  • Hypothalamus: a neutral structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities, helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion

Neuroscience Concept Map (Part 3)

Real Life Scenarios

  • Amygdala damage may have several different effects, including an inability to create or execute fear responses to specific stimuli.
  • Alzheimer's disease, which often affects the hippocampus early in the early stages of the disease. Since the damage may affect long-term memories, this explains why many Alzheimer's patients often remember their childhoods, while simultaneously forgetting younger family members and more recent events.
  • People who suffer hypothalamic diseases can suffer from appetite and sleep disorders, such as bulimia and anorexia.

By Raeann Iler

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