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Timeline: Rashidun Caliphate, First Fitna, and Aftermath
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Timeline: Rashidun Caliphate, First Fitna, and Aftermath
Relevant Groups Moving Forward:
- Kharijites
- Proto-Sunnis
- Proto-Shiites
- Line of Fatima vs. Hannafite woman?
656
657
661
632
644
Establishment of Rashidun Caliphate
Death of Umar
Battle of Siffin
Assasination of Ali/
Establishmen of Umayyad Caliphate
Death of Uthman
Start of the First Fitna
Battle of the Camel
Precedence Within Islam:
1- Early Converts (Muhajiroon)
2- People of Medina (Ansar)
3- Members of Quraysh in Mecca
4… Various later converts and others
Glossary:
- Fay: Booty, spoils of War
- Mujahiroon: Emigrants
- Hijra: Emigration
- Ansar: People of Medina
- Fitna: Test, trial
- Quraysh: Muhammad's tribe
- Mawali: Non-Arab converts to Islam
Issues Climax with Uthman's Death
- Crystallization of simmering issues:
- Declining status of elites
- Distribution of revenue among parts of the caliphate
- Nepotism and favoritism
What does his death mean?
Ali:
• Based in Medina and Kufa
• Supported by Anti-Uthman movement, Party of Ali, and disgruntled Mawali (angry at inequality)
• Positions
- Uthman’s Murder: No Comment
- Ali as Caliph: Yes
Mu’awiya:
• Based largely in Syria
• Supported by the Party of Uthman and Umayaad family
• Positions:
- Uthman’s Murder: Unjust
- Ali as Caliph: No (unless he avenges Uthman’s death)
Talha, Zubayr, and Aisha:
• Based in Basra
• Weak support from old Quraysh
• Positions:
- Uthman’s Murder: Unjust and Ali’s fault
- Ali as Caliph: Never!
Battle of the Camel:
• Talha & Zubayr are killed in battle
• Aisha is sent to live out her life in obscurity in Medina
• End of the T-A-Z faction as a significant player in the Fitna
• Most supporters are killed of or splinter
• Mu’awiya and Ali are reluctant to fight and submit to arbitration
• The content of the arbitration is unknown
• Ali becomes (politically) the recognized Caliph
• Some of Ali’s supporters are angry at the arbitration and split off (Kharijites)
- Ali is killed by Kharijites
- Party of Ali collapses politically
- Mu'awiya becomes the recognized caliph