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o HEART of the Samba Band

o Largest used to keep the rhythm together

o The Surdo drum is usually made of metal and fitted with a top and bottom head (skin)

o It is usually fitted with a shoulder strap

o The right hand uses a padded beater to play the rhythm, and the left hand is used for the muffled (x) strokes

Surdo drum

E.D. Name = Bass Drum

Hornbostel-Sachs = 211.232

Generic Name = Surdo

o The Caixa is a marching drum or snare drum.

o Different sizes, anything from 10-50 centemeters

o The snares are a row of small strings made out of metal or cat-gut, which is strung across the bottom head.

Caixa

E.D. Name = Snare drum

Hornbostel-Sachs = 211.212

Generic Name = Caixa

o The tamborim is a small hand-held drum with a single head. The shell of the drum is usually made of metal.

o The drum is held in the left hand by the thumb and index finger.

Tamborim

E.D. Name = Tamborine

Hornbostel-Sachs = 211.3

Generic Name = Tamborim

Now used in the Rio Carnivals which are held around Easter time.

o Made of a tin cylinder filled with sand or beads/gravel

o Sometimes there are more imaginative models made with two cylinders or even small pieces of metal loosely attached (Ganza)

o The basic rhythm is played by moving the instrument away from the body and back towards the body again

Shaker/Rattle

E.D. Name = Shaker

Hornbostel-Sachs = 112.1

Generic Name = Chocalho

o Agogo bells are pairs of bells joined by a curved metal rod

o Shaped much longer than a regular cowbell and generally tuned in third

o Played with a stick held in the right hand while the left hand holds the instrument and can also squeeze the two bells together producing a "chick" sound

Agogo Bells

E.D. Name = Agogo bells

Hornbostel-Sachs = 111.232

Generic Name = Agogo bells

o The whistle is used to conduct the Samba band. It is loud enough to cut through the noise of all the drumming.

Whistle/Apito

E.D. Name = Whistle

Hornbostel-Sachs = 421.221.11

Generic Name = Apito

Instruments

o The cuíca is a single-headed Brazilian friction drum, in which sound is produced by rubbing a short, thin, carved bamboo cane attached to the membrane on the inside of the instrument.

o It produces an unearthly sound and exceptional pitch range; hence its popularity as a solo instrument.

o The pitch is altered by pressing the thumb against the skin near the node where the cane is tied.

Cuíca

E.D. Name = Cuica

Hornbostel-Sachs = 211.2

Generic Name = Cuica

Slaves originally used the music for religious occasions

o In samba, the guitar is used more at formal occasions, than street performances

Guitar

E.D. Name = Guitar

Hornbostel-Sachs = 321.322

Generic Name = Violoa

History of Samba

The music was used by African slaves brought to Brazil by Portuguese settlers.

Samba Originates from Brazil

but its’ roots are in Africa (Angola).

Brazilian Samba

Audio and Video

Samba

o Rio de Janeiro

o Samba Batucada – most common (fast)

o Carnivals / Street Parades

o Important Occasions in Brazil

o Months of Preparation

References

1."The Instruments of Samba." Brazil Productions. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. <http://www.brazilproductions.com/html/instrument.html>.

"Hornbostel–Sachs." Wikipedia. Wikipedia, Oct. 2011. Web. 10 Dec. 2012.

2.McCann, Bryan. Hello, Hello Brazil: Popular Music in the Making of Modern Brazil. Durham: Duke UP, 2004. Print.

3.McGowan, Chris, and Ricardo Pessanha. The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova, and the Popular Music of Brazil. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 2009. Print.

4.Murphy, John P. Music in Brazil: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. New York: Oxford UP, 2006. Print.

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