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Mildred Parten's Stages of Play

The Stages of Play

"It is a happy talent to know how to play."

-Ralph Waldo Emerson-

  • Unoccupied: The child observes the environment and play of those around him, but remains primarily stationary.
  • Solitary: The child plays by himself with no regard or interest in those playing around him.
  • Onlooker: The child occupies herself with watching the fellow children's play and communicating with them, but not playing herself.
  • Parallel: The child is playing independently but is near the other children. She is playing beside, but not with the others.
  • Associative: The child plays with the other children, but without any sense of order.
  • Cooperative: The child plays with other children with an order towards a common goal. This includes playing any sort of formal game.

Mildred Parten

Play is the highest form of research."

-Albert Einstein-

Educational Implications

Mildred B. Parten was an American sociologist.

In 1932, she developed the theory of the six stages of child's play.

She passed away in February of 2010.

Parten theorized that as children become older and better their socialization skills, they stray farther from nonsocial play into social.

Since Mrs. Parten first mapped out the six stages of play it has been further discovered just how important play is.

It holds both cognitive and behavioral importance.

Cognitive

Behavioral

The behavioral development of children is heavily aided by play. Play benefits behavioral development in many ways.

It:

  • Contributes to the development of self-regulation and social skills. Including turn-taking, collaboration, and following rules.
  • Betters the understanding of empathy, motivation, and obedience.
  • Betters the ability to understand varying perspectives, as well as more intellectually and socially competent.
  • Helps children more effectively collaborate.
  • Effects healthier weights, muscle development, coordination, and overall well-being.

Play is important to the cognitive development of a child.

It:

  • Enhances creativity and problem-solving ability.
  • Helps to develop children's attention, coordination, and muscle-development, and overall physical well-being.
  • Increases speaking, writing, and reading skills. In fact, links between dramatic play and early reading achievement have been found.

It is easy to see that cognitive abilities are enhanced by play, as these are just a few points of improvement.

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