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International Response

-East Timor was invaded by the Indonesians and Everyone in the UN was aware

-The US and the UN provided the Indonesians with 90% of their arms on this invasion

-Every country knew it was going on and never once put it out on the news

-It was reported that the US even sent trained soldiers over to Indonesia.

-The UN’s only attempt was to ask Indonesia to leave East Timor, they asked ten times without any action

8 Stages Cont.

Post Genocide Community

Extermination-

the total death numbers of the Timorese was 150,000- 200,000 people. The death total for soldiers was 10,000-15,000. Ways of death were starvation, disease, and napalm.

Denial-

They claimed that it was cross fire that killed the east Timorese

- The Indonesians killed all of east Timor’s news crew

-May 19Th, 2002 East Timor became an Independent nation with the help from the United Nations

-East Timor are no longer a capitalistic nation, but are now a democracy

-East Timor achieved economic growth by 8% due to agriculture

-They now maintain good relations with Indonesia

-75% of children are now attending primary school in East Timor

-East Timor economy grew 10% in 2011 and at a similar rate in 2012

8 Stages of Genocide Comparison

Classifications-

East Timorese, Portuguese, Indonesians.

Symbolization-

Portuguese language: they used portuguese as a symbol of freedom

Dehumanization-

Indonesians took away their rights and called them dogs

Organization-

Indonesians organized the genocide

Polarization if they kept East Timor from gaining independence

Preparation-

they took over the capital of east Timor.

- Took over second largest City

- Tried to take over all East Timor

East Timor Genocide

Timeline Cont.

Timeline Of Events

1974 - Revolution in Portugal leads to promise to free colonies, encouraging parties to prepare for new future

1975 - August - Portuguese administration withdraws to offshore island of Atauro.

1975 - October - Five Australian-based journalists killed along border with West Timor, allegedly by Indonesian troops.

1975 - November - After brief civil war, Fretilin (Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor) declares East Timor independent

Indonesian invasion( when the Genocide began)

1975 - December - Indonesia invades, using its fight against communism as a pretext. It annexes territory as its 27th province, a move not recognised by the UN.

1981 - Xanana Gusmao becomes leader of Falintil (Armed Forces of National Liberation of East Timor), the armed wing of Fretilin

1991 - Santa Cruz cemetery massacre in which troops fire on mourners at a funeral in Dili of Fretilin supporter, killing more than 100 people

1992 - Setback for the resistance as Gusmao is captured near Dili. In 1993 he is convicted of subversion and given a life sentence which is later reduced

1995 - 20th anniversary of the Indonesian invasion marked by protest by 112 East Timorese and sympathisers who enter Russian and Dutch embassies in Jakarta.

1996 - Acting Bishop of Dili, Carlos Belo, and resistance leader Jose Ramos-Horta jointly awarded Nobel Peace Prize, raising international awareness of the East Timorese independence struggle.

1998 - Indonesian President Suharto resigns. Replaced by Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, who suggests territory may be given special status within Indonesia.

1999 May- Indonesia, Portugal sign agreement to allow East Timorese to vote on their future. Deal endorsed by UN.

1999 October- Gusmao released. UN Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) established.

1999 December- International donors at a Tokyo conference agree to provide US $520 million in aid to help rebuild East Timor

Background info.

Since the 1800s, East Timor was under the colonial rule of Portugal, and all aspects of East Timorese life was controlled by Portugal ever since.

In April 1974, a military overthrow of the fascist Portuguese government took place in Portugal. The new government of Portugal commenced to let go of all its overseas colonies, including East Timor.

Background Cont.

This independence led to the rise of many indigenous political parties, most predominantly, the Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor.

Immediately after the independence of East Timor, and the implementation of the Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor, the neighboring Indonesian military annexed East Timor.

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