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Gender Schemas in Children

  • Children as young as two begin to develop specific gender roles for themselves and others
  • Children naturally classify items as female and male
  • They also begin to develop sex-linked cues and then apply them to future social settings
  • Children begin to sex-type themselves and others

The Negative Critique

  • Original gender roles are black and white
  • Previous research is outdated
  • Role-specific
  • Children today recognize the roles imposed upon them, but Gender Schema does not account for that
  • The role of transgender individuals in society needs to change
  • As our culture evolves, so does our need to redefine gender

The Positive Critique

  • Lays a foundation of gender for an individual
  • Own-sex schemas allow us to better know who we are
  • When the same sex-typed gender schemas are assigned to individuals, good things can happen
  • Example: I follow the traditional female gender schema (have long hair, love cooking, love make-up, etc.) but that is who I am. Thus I react positively to my gender schema because it is aligned with society

Definitions

Little Girl Against Gender Roles in Toys

  • Schema, "a mental representation of how men and women are viewed in society and culture."
  • Gender schema, "abstract knowledge structures about sexes and their characteristics which are assumed to facilitate how information is perceived and encoded."
  • Subordinate schemas, "Broad information about ourselves such as outside appearance, personality, belief system, etc."
  • Own-sex schemas, "How we view ourselves."

The Beginning

  • Theory developed in 1981
  • Began with researchers Sandra Bern, Hazel Markus, Carol Martin and Charles Haverson
  • Very little was known about gender schemas
  • Wanted to research the influence of gender roles in society

Transgender Children

  • Tyler, born a girl named Kathryn, felt out of place in his body and told his parents at the age of 5
  • "Something went wrong when I was in your belly," he said.
  • 80% of children switch back to original sex
  • Tyler, however, was very sure of his gender and knew that what he was born as was wrong

The Contemporary Context: Gender Redefined

  • Within the last ten years, a transgender movement has emerged and the "gender" has been redefined.
  • Caitlyn Jenner, formerly known as Bruce Jenner, came out to the world that he is a woman in 2015.
  • He stated that, "he has the soul of a woman."
  • Similarly, Laverne Cox landed her role in Orange is the New Black as a transgender woman in 2010
  • Became first transgender woman to receive an Emmy nomination

Gender Schema Theory

By Brooke Kirkland

References

The Extension

Bem, S. (1983). Gender Schema Theory and its Implications for Child Development: Raising Gender-Aschematic Children in a Gender-Schematic Society. Chicago Journal, Vol. 8(No. 4), 598-616. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.proxy1.nku.edu/stable/3173685?seq=3#page_scan_tab_contents

Cox, J. (2012, May 19). Transgender at five. Retrieved October 23, 2015, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/transgender-at-five/2012/05/19/gIQABfFkbU_story.html

Gender stereotypes. (2001). In J. Worell (Ed.), Encyclopedia of women and gender: Sex similarities and differences and the impact of society on gender. Oxford, United Kingdom: Elsevier Science & Technology. Retrieved from http://proxy1.nku.edu/login?url=http://search.credoreference.com.proxy1.nku.edu/content/entry/estwomen/gender_stereotypes/0

Johnson, F. (2009). Gender Schema Theory. Encyclopedia of Communication Theory, 436-438.

Martin, C. L. (2001). Gender development: Gender schema theory. In J. Worell (Ed.), Encyclopedia of women and gender: Sex similarities and differences and the impact of society on gender. Oxford, United Kingdom: Elsevier Science & Technology. Retrieved from http://proxy1.nku.edu/login?url=http://search.credoreference.com.proxy1.nku.edu/content/entry/estwomen/gender_development_gender_schema_theory/0

  • More research needs to be conducted about gender roles in today's society
  • Many articles about Gender Schema are old
  • Case studies conducted on transgender individuals
  • Case studies conducted on children
  • Ask them specific gender questions
  • The language of the theory needs to adapt and change
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