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the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
Attitudes and Actions
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Some interesting RESEARCH
Spoilers are bad. As in knowing the end of a movie before you watch it.
"females are more tolerant of same-sex peers."
Mean people (especially men) make less money.
Wait. . .
I think I got that wrong
Spoilers are good. As in knowing the end of a movie before you watch it.
"males are more tolerant of same-sex peers."
Nice people (especially men) make less money.
Hindsight Bias
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
aka, I-knew-it-all-along-phenomenon
Implicit personality theory- quick and automatic assumptions or beliefs that we form about other people and situations that are developed through schemas- mental organization of information
Social Thinking
1. Does his absenteeism signify illness, laziness, skipping or a stressful school atmosphere?
2. Was the horror of 9/11 the work of crazed evil people or ordinary people corrupted by life events?
Attribution Theory
Tries to explain how people determine the
cause of the behavior they observe.
It is either a....
• Situational Attribution
• Dispositional Attribution
How do you guys view me?
Why do you believe that?
You probably attribute it to my personality rather than my profession.
Fundamental Attribution Error
We tend to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions when analyzing another's behavior
Actor-observer discrepancy is the tendency to attribute, or justify, one’s own behavior to situational factors, while attributing the same exact type of behavior that happens to others to a dispositional attribution, for example their own fault, or that they deserved the outcome
Self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute successful outcomes to internal reasons, and unsuccessful outcomes to situational factors
Self-efficacy (modesty) bias is the tendency to blame ourselves for our failures and credit our successes to external factors, or other people
Elaboration likelihood model- a model suggesting that attitudes can change through evaluation of the content of a persuasive message (central route) or by irrelevant persuasion cues (peripheral routes)
Central route of persuasion- the listener focuses on the content of the product
Peripheral route of persuasion- the listener focuses on the tone of person’s voice, their excitement- focuses on the salesperson’s pitch instead of the product
What are ways in which we see conformity in our lives?
What are some groups that people conform to?
Conforming Conditions
Normative social influence -- gain approval or avoid dissapproval
What are ways we search for approval or avoid dissapproval?
informational social influence -- accept others' opinions about reality
Can you think of any examples?
Hawthorne effect- workers at a factory worked harder when their boss was present
Ok now, everyone listen up for some instructions:
Why did you follow my instructions?
Obedience -- tendency to follow a person's orders or requests because he or she is seen as an authority figure
http://www.schooltube.com/video/237e7769aa970bcec446/
Social Loafing -- contributing less effort when working others than when working alone
This is due to the feeling of less responsibility
Examples??
Now what happens when we are both aroused and anonymous because of a group?
Deindividuation
having no self awareness or restraint in a group
On a piece of paper:
-- Do NOT put your name on it
-- Answer this question:
"If you could be totally invisible for 24 hours and were completely assured that you would not be detected or held responsible for your actions, what would you do?"
-- fold your paper and hand it to me
Groupthink -- occurs when the desire to keep social harmony among the group becomes more important than personal opinion
Group Polarization -- an attitude or thought becomes stronger in the presence of a group of people
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy -- occurs when a person listens to the opinions of other people and then accepts these people's opinions resulting in that person now living up to the beliefs and expectations of other people
altruism
the unselfish regard, or caring welfare of others
bystander effect
aka diffusion of responsibility
the tendency for a bystander to be less likely to help if there are other people present
People of MORE likely to help another person:
John Darley and Bibb Latane were interested in Kitty Genovese's murder and why no one helped.
an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.
group that you are a member of
In Group/Out Group
group you do not belong to
Ingroup Bias--tendency to favor one's group through the belief that this group is always correct
out-group homogeneity effect -- the tendency to see members of other groups as similar in terms of their thoughts and actions
Example: if one member of group smokes, the rest of the group is perceived as smokers
the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.
Ethnocentrism -- belief that one's own culture or ethnic group is superior to others
scapegoat theory -- theory that prejudiced behavior provides an outlet of anger and blame
just world phenomenon
social trap
Adaptation Level Phenomenon
1. In affluent societies, people with more money are only somewhat happier than people who struggle for their basic needs.
2. People in rich countries are only a bit happier than people in poor countries.
3. A sudden rise in financial conditions makes people happy for only a temporary time.
However, people who live in poverty or in slums are also satisfied with their life.
Do you agree?
Like the adaptation to brightness, volume, and touch, people adapt to income levels.
Many people in the West believe that if they were wealthier, they would be happier. However, data suggests that they would only be happy temporarily.
Relative Deprivation
Wealth is like health: Its utter absence can breed misery, yet having it is no guarantee of happiness.
Wealth and Well Being
With this knowledge,
what do you think a good predictor of happiness is for you or those that you know?
is the perception that we are relatively worse off than those we compare ourselves with.
What makes you happy?
NOW. . .
You have a belief that cheating on tests is bad.
The teacher was really bad so in that class it is OK.
But you cheat on a test!!!
Love
Romantic love: consists of intimacy and passion
Companionate love: consists of intimacy and commitment
Consummate love: ideal love, in which all three components are present