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Conclusion

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The Prince's Crusade

- Roughly comprised of 35,000 infantry and cavalry

- Better leadership and organization than the People's Crusade

- Split into 4 contingents which march through Europe and meet outside the walls of Constantinople

- Conquer Nicea, hand control over to the Byzantines

- Victory at the Battle of Dorylaeum allows the crusaders to march unopposed through the area

The People's Crusade

Battle of Ascalon

Siege of Jerusalem

Siege of Antioch

- The Fatimid army closes in on Jerusalem

- Godfrey of Bouillon leads the remaining crusaders, around 10,000 men, to Ascalon

- Estimates place a range of 20,000 - 50,000 men in the Fatimid army

- Godfrey catches the Fatimid's by suprise

- The Fatimid forces suffer a quick defeat, loosing 10-12 thousand men and retreat to the town of Ascalon

- The Fatimid's retreat back to Egypt and the crusaders return to Jerusalem. Many of the crusader force go back to Europe

- Halfway point between Constantinople and Jerusalem

- Described as "a city great beyond belief, very strong and unassailable"

- Could not take the city by force, bribed a guard to allow entry into the city

- Muslim force arrives several days later and besieges city

- Crusaders sally forth and defeat them in the field

- Plague breaks out, weakening army

- Crusaders arrive with low supplies food and water

- Lack manpower to blockade the city, only an estimated 12,000 men remain

- Opt for direct assault on the city

- Initial assault fails, news arrives that a Fatimid army is marching on Jerusalem

- Simultaneous assault on the North and South wall begins, when the North wall is captured, the South wall is abandoned

- Surrendering soldiers and civilians massacred, however the number of dead may have been exaggerated

- Led by Peter the Hermit and Walter Sans Avoir

- Comprised of approximately 40,000 people

- Composed of peasants and petty nobles, lack of military discipline

- Forced to pillage on their march to Constantinople for supplies

Defeat

Massacre of Jews

- Referred to as "the first Holocaust"

- Destroyed many Jewish communities along the Rhine river

- Main goal: Forced conversion

- Estimate of 10,000 dead

- Turkish spies spread rumors that Nicea has fallen creating excitement to move there quickly to share in the looting

- Army leaves behind women, children, elderly, sick, and wounded followers

- 20,000 crusaders march out for Nicea

- Ambushed by the Turkish horse archers

- Army quickly routs, only 3,000 survive

- Turks spare followers left behind

The First Crusade (1096–1099)

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The Council of Clermont

Prior to the Council of Clermont

- Emperor Alexios Komnenos asks Pope Urban II for assistance

- In November of 1095 Urban gives his speech to the Council, calling on them to help the Byzantines by embarking on an armed pilgrimage in defense of Christianity

- Urban had planned his speech well, gaining the support of two influential leaders in France before it was delivered. Recruitment was so successful Urban attempts to forbid people from joining but cannot stop them.

- Western Europe is stabilized after conversion to Christianity

- Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula already underway

- Fall of the Carolingian Empire leaves a large class of soldiers who begin to fight amongst each other

- Byzantine Empire losing vast territory to the Seljuq Turks

- Great Seljuq Empire dissolves into smaller factions, resulting in conflict between Muslim leaders over territory

The First Crusade

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