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The prefix 'Re-' means 'again', as

occurring in verbs such as rewrite

or reinvent.

The prefix de- is often used to mean

'opposite' or 'reverse'. Such as

deforestation.

COMPOUNDING

AFFIXATION

The suffix -ology refers to the scientific

study of a particular subject. e.g.

trolleyology was coined to refer to the

study of how the contents of a person's shopping trolley show something

about that person's behaviour or

personality.

New words and phrases emerge as a direct response to the need to refer to new concepts,

and one of the most straightforward ways of

doing this is to simply combine existing words, which together make a sensible

representation of a new idea.

A related approach is to find new ways of using

recognised affixes, creatively attaching them to

established words as a means of expressing

a new idea

globesity = (a blend of global and obesity) describing the worldwide epidemic of obesity

  • movieoke = (a blend of movie and karaoke) referring to a karaoke-style activity involving acting in front of a movie screen

  • edutainment = (a blend of educational and entertainment), used to refer to forms of entertainment i.e.: TV programmes, games software, which are educational

  • freegan = (a blend of free and vegan) referring to a person who consumes food that has been thrown away.

For example, in the 1970s, the concept of a phone which could be carried or used anywhere without the need for wires or cables was just an idea,

but by the late 80s the word 'mobile phone' was part of everyday language.

PREFIX - before

SUFFIX - after

INFIX - in the middle

(not common in English)

inflectional (grammatical): for example, changing singular to plural (dog → dogs), or changing present tense to past tense (walk → walked). In this case, the basic meaning of the word does not change.

derivational (the new word has a new meaning, "derived" from the original word): for example, teach → teacher or care → careful

other examples:

speed-dating

fast food

Popular brand names can often form brand new words such as:

ABBREVIATIONS AND

ACRONYMS

The verb/noun hoover, used as a generic term for (the action of using) an electric vacuum

cleaner, was based on the name of the 19th-century American industrialist William Henry Hoover.

Another example is the use of the

name Google.

e.g. 'Have you googled it yet?'

therefore it can now be used as a

generic reference to the action of

'doing a search on the Internet'.

Often abbreviations enter the dictionary as new 'words' in their own right, words which we understand and associate with particular concepts without necessarily knowing what the initial letters represent. For example DVD, everyone knows what it is but does everyone know what it stands for?

(digital videodisc)

Acronyms such as:

T.A.R.D.I.S or B.O.G.O.F become meaningful units in their own right and therefore get decapitalised in general use.

BLENDS

As well as combinations of existing

words to form new compounds, the

combination of parts of existing words is another common process in the formation of neologisms.

NEOLOGISMS

The vast majority of new words

and expressions in English usually

include at least one lexical component

which is already familiar to us.

For instance the word brunch, referring to a large mid-morning meal, is a combination of parts of the words breakfast and lunch which was coined in the late 19th century.

Can you think of anymore?

Neologism is defined as a new word

or a new use for an old word,

or the act of making up new words.

globesity = ?

movieoke = ?

edutainment = ?

freegan = ?

These factors make abbreviated forms

an integral part of electronic

communication, but often these forms

creep into general use. For instance,

informal abbreviations such as LOL

(laughing out loud), TTFN ('ta ta' for now),

FYI (for your information) and

BTW (by the way) are now generally

understood in all forms of written

communication

(and sometimes spoken.)

COLLOCATION

Very few new words in the English

language are actually completely 'new'.

In fact, completely new words account

for less than 1% of all English

neologisms.

What language did

we borrow these

words from?

ballet

balcony

Words that habitually 'go together'

For example, in English, we usually say 'heavy rain'. It's correct grammatically to say 'strong rain' or 'big rain', but both of these sound completely strange. A native English speaker would never say 'big rain'.

ballet - French

balcony - Italian

sketch - Dutch

guitar - Spanish

sketch

guitar

bagel - Yiddish

pajamas - Hindi

bagel

pajamas

ketchup - Chinese

ketchup

PROCESS

lexical/semantic

Electronic communication such as

texting or instant messaging have had

a real influence as these forms of

communication often try to simulate real time conversation, so speed and ease of typing is crucial.

There may be other considerations too,

such as the fact that providers of mobile phone networks usually restrict users to about 160 characters per message or Tweet.

other examples -

Hard evidence

Fish and Chips

Salt and Pepper

PROCESS

semantic

Borrowing

REASONS:

why

WORD

REASONS:

reflection of changing attitudes towards sexuality

GAY

CONNOTATION

recent additions to meaning might be considered offensive

CONNOTATION

emotional/ psychological associations

Borrowing has been a feature of

English vocabulary development for

centuries. French, Latin and Greek are

obvious influences, but also Asian

languages such as Hindi, which for

instance in the 18th century gave us

shampoo (from the Hindi word

cmpo, meaning 'massage') and

is a popular influence in

the 21st century.

DENOTATION:

happy, bright or lively (adj)

homosexual (n)

rubbish (slang/adj)

What is Lexis?

DENOTATION:

dictionary definition

Choose

For example, the words

home and house have

similar denotations or primary

meanings: a home is “a shelter that

is the usual residence of a person,

family, or household,” and a house is

“a building in which people live.”

However, for many, these terms

carry different associations or secondary

meanings, also known as connotations.

Many people would agree that home

connotes a sense of belonging and

comfort, whereas house conveys

little more than a structure.

Denotation and Connotation

Detail 4

The connotation of a word

or phrase is the associated or

secondary meaning; it can be

something suggested or implied

by a word or thing, rather than

being explicitly named or described.

Lexis is a term in Linguistics for the vocabulary of a language.

Lexis is the total stock of words and idiomatic combinations of them in a language.

Denotation and Connotation

The denotation of a word or phrase

is its explicit or direct meaning.

Another way to think of it is as the

associations that a word usually

elicits for most speakers of a

language, like the main

dictionary definition of a word.

Lexis and Semantics

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