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Roller coasters

Made by Shoog Al-awadah

Jood Al-Harbi

Layan Al-Rossais

Haya Bin Shalhoub

Leen Al-Jodea

Nazek Al-Zaid

Hesah Al-shebreen

Ghaida Alruwais

A roller coaster is a type of amusement ride that employs a form of elevated railroad track designed with tight turns, steep slopes, and sometimes inversions.

For most of the ride, the train is moved by gravity and momentum. To build up this momentum, the train must get to the top of the first hill (the lift hill) or get a powerful launch.

What are Roller coasters?

The purpose of the coaster's initial rise

The purpose of the coaster's initial rise

is to build up a kind of storage of potential energy. The concept of potential energy, often referred to as energy of position, is very simple: As the coaster gets higher in the air, gravity can pull it down a greater distance. You experience this phenomenon all the time. Think about driving your car, riding your bike or to the top of a big hill. The potential energy you build going up the hill can be released as kinetic energy — the energy of motion that takes you down the hill.

The most important physical quantities acting on Roller coaster

Since an object in motion tends to stay in motion (Newton's first law of motion), the coaster car will maintain a forward velocity even when it is moving up the track, opposite the force of gravity. When the coaster ascends one of the smaller hills that follows the initial lift hill, its kinetic energy changes back to potential energy. In this way, the course of the track is constantly converting energy from kinetic to potential and back again.

physical quantities

Energy

Energy

energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object to perform work on, or to heat, the object. Energy is a conserved quantity; the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed.

Forms of Energy

Common forms of energy include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object's position in a force field (gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic energy stored by stretching solid objects, the chemical energy released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light, and the thermal energy due to an object's temperature.

Gravity

Gravity

Gravity plays a huge part in roller coaster physics. As a coaster gets higher, gravity can pull the cars down faster and faster to push them along the tracks. Once riders start going down the first hill,gravity takes over and all the built-up potential energy changes to kinetic energy. Gravity applies a constant downward force on the cars. The coaster tracks serve to channel this force control the way the coaster cars fall. If the tracks slope down, gravity pulls the front of the car toward the ground, so it accelerates. If the tracks tilt-up, gravity applies a downward force on the back of the coaster, so it decelerates.

Acceleration

Acceleration

The inconstancy of acceleration is what makes roller coasters fun. In most roller coasters, the hills decrease in height as the train moves along the track. This is necessary because the total energy storage built up in the lift hill is gradually lost to friction between the train and the track, as well as between the train and the air. When the train coasts to the end of the track, the energy storage is almost empty. At this point, the train either comes to a stop or is sent up the lift hill for another ride. At its most basic level, this is all a roller coaster is — a machine that uses gravity and inertia to send a train along a twisting track.

Mechanical energy to Thermal energy

Energy Transformation

Energy Transformation

is the process of changing energy from one type to another. The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; it is said to be conserved over time. This law means that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it can only be transformed or transferred to another type of energy.

Mechanical energy to Thermal energy

A Roller coasters tracks get hot because of energy transformation. As the roller coaster moves along the tracks Mechanical energy is transformed into thermal energy because of the friction force created between the roller coaster and the tracks, A Roller coaster also stops because of energy transformation, with each hill the Roller coaster transforms mechanical energy into thermal. As the ride continues, the coaster has less and less mechanical energy. Until eventually the Roller coaster wastes most of its mechanical energy thorough out the ride and can come to a safe stop.

Potential Energy to Kinetic Energy

Potential Energy to Kinetic Energy

Potential energy is the energy an object has because of its position. A Roller coaster has the Potential energy to move due to gravity when it is on top of a hill waiting to drop (The higher it is, the more Potential energy it has). Potential energy can also be in the form of stored fuel such as gasoline for a car or food for a person. As the coaster car loses height, it gains speed; transforming Potential energy into Kinetic energy.

Kinetic energy is the energy an object has because of its motion, the amount of Kinetic energy an object has is influenced by its mass and speed, for instance, As the coaster car gains height it loses speed causing Kinetic energy to transform into Potential energy.

The Psychology of Roller Coasters

The Psychology of Roller Coasters

Your body feels acceleration funnily. When a coaster car is speeding up, the actual force acting on you is the seat pushing your body forward. But, because of your body's inertia, you feel a force in front of you, pushing you into the seat. You always feel the push of acceleration coming from the opposite direction of the actual force accelerating you.

G- Force

G- Force

One G force is the familiar tug of gravity you feel when standing on Earth where 1 g is equal to the force of acceleration due to gravity near Earth's surface (9.8 m/s2, or 32 ft/s2). This is the force of Earth’s gravitational pull on our bodies. But as riders accelerate and decelerate, they experience gravitational force. The record for the highest G-forces on a roller coaster is 6.3Gs

What happens if there was a miscalculation?

What happens if there was a miscalculation?

Modern ride designers know that the body can handle up to roughly 5 Gs.but when a Roller coaster has reached up to 7 Gs. At those levels of gravitational pressure, blood is sent flying from a rider’s brain to their feet, leading to light-headedness or blackouts as the brain struggles to stay conscious. And oxygen deprivation in the retinal cells impairs their ability to process light, causing greyed out vision or temporary blindness. If the riders are upside down, blood can flood the skull, causing a bout of crimson vision.

How Roller coaster effect your body?

How Roller coaster effect your body?

On a roller coaster, the full-body sensation is complemented by all sorts of visual cues — the upside-down turns, dizzying heights, and passing structures. Your body can't feel velocity at all; it can only feel the change in velocity (acceleration).

Sinking feeling

Sinking feeling

in the "free-fall" state of falling down a hill, there is hardly any net force acting on you. In this case, the various pieces of your body are not pushing on each other as much. They are all, essentially, weightless, each falling individually inside your body. This is what gives you that unique sinking feeling in your stomach; your stomach is suddenly very light because there is less force pushing on it. The same situation happens when you descend in an elevator moving at high speed.

Brain&Blood

a roller coaster ride makes your brain trigger a fight-or-flight response, which releases a cocktail of hormones into your bloodstream. These brain chemicals, including adrenaline, dopamine, and cortisol, stimulate a natural high and give you a boost of energy that makes you feel more energized and exhilarated .

but if gravitational pressure increases, blood is forced toward your feet, making your heart work even harder to get it back up to your brain at these levels the brain is deprived of blood and oxygen, sometimes leading to light headedness, vision loss or momentary blackouts.

Brain&Blood 

Balance

Balance

the unpredictable movements of a roller coaster can cause the eye and the ear to send mismatched messages to the brain. For kids, this internal confusion feels exciting. But for adults, who are usual to the more predictable motion, the outcome is often dizziness and motion sickness.

Motion sickness

Motion sickness

Motion sickness hits people of all ages, but children do not have as many of the behaviors, medical conditions, and medications that put adults at greater risk of experiencing nausea on amusement rides. Nearly 80 percent of the general population experiences motion sickness at some time in their lives, and more women than men experience motion sickness, likely due to hormonal differences.

According to Mark Shelhamer, chief scientist at NASA's Human Research Program, the feeling of motion sickness is also common among children 2 to 12. Shelhamer adds that sensitivity to motion tends to decline with age.

He suspects that older people may be more likely to motion sickness simply because they go on rides less often. As people age and adapt to a less active or adventurous lifestyle, their bodies follow suit.

Survey results

Survey results

the survey showed us that some people don’t know how to prevent motion sickness since it was a fifty/fifty results on the question "have you ever felt dizzy or sick after riding a roller coaster?" and although we expected most of the teenagers to be scared about riding a roller coaster turns out most of them get excited to ride a Roller coaster, therefore, some people deal with the ride differently as some breath and some hold they’re breathing and others scream. The results of the survey revealed that most teens scream which is one of the most effective ways to prevent motion sickness and even holding your breath can also prevent it.

Why does screaming and holding your breath prevents motion sickness?

The diaphragm is a thin skeletal muscle that sits at the base of the chest and separates the abdomen from the chest. It contracts and flattens when you inhale, creating a vacuum effect that pulls air into your lungs. When you hold your breath or exhale air, the diaphragm loosens and the air is pushed out of your lungs. When your diaphragm stays steady your belly and chest do not move up and down causing you to quieten your body, By either yelling or holding your breath, You breathe out of time, out of sync with the roller coaster movement, change in the rhythm of your diaphragm helps to steady your stomach, quieten your body and pulse.

Why does screaming and holding your breath prevents motion sickness?

How to Deal With Motion Sickness on Rides (8methods)

1- Taking Medication for Motion Sickness (Dimenhydrinate )

2- Ginger supplements

3-Eat food that's high in carbohydrates and low in fats and avoid spicy food

4- Keep your head and neck straight.

5- Keep your eyes on a fixed point.

6- Stay hydrated

7- Take a Rest

8- Ride in the front

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