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PHYSICAL PROCESS IN WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS
"GROUP 1"
SECTION: DKA 4A
LECTURER'S NAME: PUAN ARUTCHELVI
AIDA ADLINA BINTI ALI (01DKA20F1002)
NURAIN FATIHAH BINTI ZAMREE (01DKA20F1005)
NUR A'IN BINTI ROSIDI (01DKA20F1015)
Intake structures are used for collecting water from the surface sources such as river, lake, and reservoir and conveying it further to the water treatment plant. These structures are masonry or concrete structures and provides relatively clean water, free from pollution, sand and objectionable floating material.
Screening is the first unit operation used at
wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Screening
removes objects such as rags, paper, plastics, and
metals to prevent damage and clogging of
downstream equipment, piping, and appurtenances.
Some modern wastewater treatment plants use both
coarse screens and fine screens
Filtration is a process that removes particles from suspension in water. Removal takes place by a number of mechanisms that include straining, flocculation, sedimentation and surface capture.
1. Bars screen
Bar grills are installed and water is allowed to pass through them in this process. 25 mm bars are installed at 75 to 100 mm center to center distance. This traps particles of large size as the water flows through them.
Mostly the bars are kept in an inclined position so that they can be cleaned easily with racks to remove the trapped particles.
2. Fine Screens/ Automatic Strainers
An automatic device is fitted in the screens so that the trapped materials can be removed on their own. Such type of screens is called automatic strainers
1. Slow Sand Filter
Slow sand filters are named so because they have taken too much time for filtration. The filtration time is one-twentieth as compared to that of the rapid filters. The components of a slow sand filter comprise an enclosure tank, fitter media, base material, an under-drainage system, and appurtenances.
2. Rapid Sand
-The components of a rapid sand filter comprise an enclosure tank, fitter media, base material, an under-drainage system, and appurtenances.
-The enclosure tank is smaller in size as compared to that of the slow sand filter. Other components are similar in characteristics to that of the slow sand filter. However, the appurtenances consist of wash water troughs, air compressors, and rate control devices.
-Rapid sand filters may be logged frequently, which is why the sand has to be cleaned at frequent intervals. For this, backwashing and surface wash methods are applied.
3. Pressure Filter
-The pressure filter is also a rapid sand filter, however, instead of an open basin, the closed container is used for this, and water is allowed to pass through the filter in pressure. The pressure may be about 3 to 7 kg/cm3
-These filters are either horizontal or vertical type based on the direction of water flow.
-Automatic pressure filters are also available at present. In this type of filter, backwashing is done automatically.
The first through a water intake system that supplies clean water free of pollution, sand, and unpleasant floating matter, according to the findings of the screening, water intake, and fitration. The water treatment area will be kept clean. If surface and groundwater supplies are available for human consumption, water treatment is frequently required. As a result, through a screening system, it can prevent damage and clogging of downstream equipment, piping, and equipment. Finally, when this system is used to remove particles from suspensions in water, it is able to keep water clean.
-https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/final_sgrit_removal.pdf
-https://www.iwapublishing.com/news/filtration-processes#:~:text=Introduction,flocculation%2C%20sedimentation%20and%20surface%20capture.
-https://theconstructor.org/structures/intake-structures-types-of-intakes/11233/#:~:text=Intake%20structures%20are%20used%20for,sand%20and%20objectionable%20floating%20material.