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SOURCES

What is Folate?

Folate refers to reduced form of vitamin found naturally in food and biological tissues. Latin word "Follium"means "LEAF".Total body contains about 11 to 28 mg of folate.

DISCOVERY

Folate's discovery resulted from the cure to the MEGABLASTIC ANEMIA in the late 1870s and early 1880s

DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

01

CARRIERS FOR TRANSPORT OF FOLATE INTO INTESTINAL CELLS:

  • Before the polyglutamate forms of folate in foods can be absorbed, they must be hydrolyzed to the monoglutamate form. This hydrolysis or deconjugation is performed by at least two folylpoly γ-glutamyl carboxypeptidases (FGCP), also called pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolases or conjugases.
  • It cleaves polyglutamate to monoglutamate
  • Folic acid in fortified foods does not need to undergo digestion because it already is present in the monoglutamate form.

folate-binding proteins (FBPs) or folate receptors.

01

Deficiency:Megaloblastic Anemia

BLOOD

Megaloblastic anemia—the release into circulation

of red blood cells that are fewer than normal and large

and immature.

* The anemia results from abnormal DNA synthesis and failure of blood cells to divide properly, coupled with the continued formation of RNA. The quantity of RNA becomes greater than normal, leading to excess production of other cytoplasmic constituents, including hemoglobin. The result is immature, enlarged macrocytic cells often containing excessive hemoglobin.

reduced folate transporter or carrier

02

Folate is found as a monoglutamate.Almost two-thirds of the folate in systemic blood plasma is bound to proteins; free folate accounts for the other one-third.

* Folate-binding proteins bind folate (high affinity)

* Albumin and α-2 macroglobulin also bind folate (low affinity)

Red blood cells contain more folate than does plasma; however, red blood cell folate is attained during erythropoiesis.

(transports 5 methyl THF into cells)

LIVER

STORAGE

  • The liver stores about one-half of the body’s folate. The

main storage forms are the polyglutamate forms of THF

and 5-methyl THF.

Storage may occur in association with

intracellular folate-binding proteins

- Folate receptor α, which transports 5-methyl THF monoglutamate

- Dihydrofolate is typically reduced to THF and conjugated to glutamates either for storage or for conversion to 5-methyl THF

* 33% of folate is present as THF

* 37% as 5-methyl THF

* 23% as 10-formyl THF

* 7% as 5-formyl THF

Folylpolyglutamate synthetase catalyzes the ATP-dependent additions of the glutamates.Before release into systemic blood, however, glutamate residues

are removed from folate polyglutamates by hydrolases.

RDA

Functions and mechanisms of action

Folate requirements are estimated at 320

μg per day.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

suggest 400 μg synthetic folic acid/day for women

capable of becoming pregnant because of evidence that

folic acid supplementation during the periconceptional

period of pregnancy may reduce the incidence of neural

tube defects.

Water Soluble Vitamin: Folate

Amino acid metabolism:

Methionine

Glycine and serine

Histidine

Essential Nutrient

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