Introducing 

Prezi AI.

Your new presentation assistant.

Refine, enhance, and tailor your content, source relevant images, and edit visuals quicker than ever before.

Loading…
Transcript

Fact Sheet

Waves

Energy and Waves

Waves move by transfering energy through the vibrations of particles.

Sounds travel through the vibrations of a medium.

Sound travels through air, water, and wood.

Echolocation is the use of sound waves to determine where something is.

EM. Spectrum

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Radiowaves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible Light, Ultraviolet (UV), X-Ray, and Gamma Rays.

It can travel through empty space and matter.

Light travels through rays from a source like a lamp.

Light travels at 300,000 km/sec.

The light travels to the retina, which has tons of little cells on it that send signals to the brain. The cone cells then help us detect colors.

Frequency and the Doppler Effect.

Frequency is the rate that something happens at in an x amount of time.

The Doppler Effect is the increase or decreases of light or sound as an object moves closer if farther away from a certain point.

Frequency and Doppler Effect

Types of Waves & Properties

Longitudinal waves move in the direction of a medium.

Transversal waves move perpendicular to the direction the wave travels.

Crest- The highest point in a wave.

Trough- The lowest point in a wave.

Amplitude- The height of a wave.

Wavelength- The distance from one crest to the next.

Absorption- Polarity, Surface Area, Porosity.

Reflection- Light bouncing off an object and hitting another object.

Refraction- A change in direction.

Diffraction- Waves spread around obstacles.

Wave Movement

The Law of Reflection states...

that upon reflection from a smooth surface, the angle of the reflected ray is equal to the angle of the incident ray.

What is the Law of Reflection?

Sound VS Light

Sound

Vs

Light

Sound:

  • Travels through a medium (Wood, Air, Water)
  • Speed: 343 m/s
  • Needs a medium. The molecules they travel through carry the sound waves from one place to another.

Light:

  • Travels from a source, in rays.
  • Speed: 300,000 km/s
  • Doesn't need a medium. The speed of light is constant and independant.

Electricity

-Conductors- objects that electricty can flow through (i.e. Copper)

-Insulators- objects that electricty can NOT flow through (i.e Wood)

-Circuits- A complete circular path that electricty flows through.

  • Parallel- Two or more paths for a current to flow through.
  • Series- One path for a current to flow through.
  • Parts- Switch, Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Conductors, Battery, Bulb, Light, Connectors, Diodes, Load, Wires, Etc.

a. Power Source- Battery/Generator.

b. Load- Consumes electrical energy and transforms it into another form of energy.

c. Wires- Conducts electricity.

d. Switches- Controls whether the circuit is open or closed.

  • Resistors- Regulates the flow of the current.

Laws of Conservation Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one to another.

Law of Conservation Energy

Energy Transfer Types

Unit of Energy

Joule (J)

Radiant- Energy transmitted without the movement of mass

Convection- Transferring energy through air or liquid currents

Conduction- Transferring energy through direct contact

Force and Motion

Friction is an external force that opposes the relative motion of two contact areas.

Types of Friction- Static, Sliding, Rolling, Fluid

Influences on Friction- Roughness/Smoothness of a surface, Weight of an object

Force and Motion

Force

Types of Forces- Applied Force, Friction, Normal, Air Resistance, Spring, Tension, Etc.

Unit for Force- Newton (N)

Net Force is the sum of all forces acting on an object.

Mass- The measure of the amount of matter in a body.

Weight- The force acting on an object due to gravity. (How heavy something is.)

Newton's 1st Law- An object at rest, stays at rest and an object in motion, stays in motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force. (A ball rolling down a hill and then being stopped by a person.)

Newton's 2nd Law- The acceleration of an object is directly related to the net force and inversely related to its mass. F=M*A(Pushing a cart. The less there is inside of it, the lighter it is and the less acceleration there has to be exerted on it.)

Newton's 3rd Law- For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. (A book lying on a table is pushing downward, but the table is pushing upward to keep them steady.

Force Diagrams

Inertia and Speed

Inertia is the tendency of objects in motion to stay in motion and objects at rest to stay at rest, unless a force causes its speed or direction to change.

Speed- s= d/t

If a car travels for 2 hours and covers 120 miles, it is going at 60 mph.

If someone jogs for 1 hour and covers 2 miles, they are travelling at 2 mph.

Inertia and Speed

Universe

Models of the Solar System- Ptolemaic model, Copernican model, and Kepler model.

Copernicus- Was an astronomer who put forth the theory that the Sun is at rest near the center of the Universe, and that the Earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the Sun.

Copernicus supported the Heliocentric Model.

Aristotle- Was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. Aristotle supported the Geocentric Model.

The Sun is rotating in place, while the earth revolves and rotates around it. It takes 24 hours to fully rotate once and 365 days to fully revolve once around the sun. The moon also revolves and rotates around the earth.

Reason for the Season- It's based upon the earth's tilt on it's axis.

Giant Impact Theory- Thought that Theia and Earth had collided and a chuck came out of Earth to create the moon.

Universe Continued

Big Bang- The universe began from an extremely hot, dense point smaller than a subatomic particle.

There are galaxies, nebulae, stars, and planets.

Nuclear Fusion is the process by which two light atomic nuclei combine to form a single heavier one while releasing massive amounts of energy.

Sound vs Light... In Space!

Universe Continued

Light waves can travel through space because they don't need a material to travel through, but there is no sound because there isn't really anything the sound waves can use to travel through.

Lifecycle of a Star

Stars are born in a Nebula. Once it becomes hot enough, it becomes part of the main sequence. When it dies, it becomes a red giant/super giant. Then, it becomes a Planetary Nebula or it Supernovas. Next, it becomes a White Dwarf and, eventually a Black Dwarf. Finally, it becomes a Neutron Star or a Black Hole.

Light Years vs Astronomical Units

An Astronomical Unit is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun.

A Light Year is the distance light travels in one year.

Light Years vs Astronimocal Units

Chemistry

Dmitri Mendeleev is a Russian chemist and teacher. He arranged the elements in the periodic table by increasing the atomic mass. When he arranged the elements, there were only 63, but he also predicted that there are some undiscovered elements.

Mendeleev's discovery of the Periodic Table led to Henry Mosley's, who was a young British scientist, discovery about atomic numbers.

Mosley discovered that the number of protons in an atom is different than the atom's total mass. He predicted that there would be several new elements. These events led to him rearranging the periodic table.

Atom- The basic building blocks of all matter.

Protons- Found inside the Nucleus, Positive charge

Neutrons- Found inside the Nucleus, No charge

Electrons- Found in the Electron Cloud, which surrounding the Nucleus, Negative charge

Periodic Table

Atomic Mass- The total mass of particles in an atom

Atomic Number- The total number of protons in an atom

Chemical Symbols- the abbreviations of an element

How to find the total number of:

Protons- It's the same amount as the atomic number.

Neutrons- Subtract the atomic number from the mass.

Electrons- It's equal to the amount protons.

Families-

-Alkali Metals- 1st column, electrical conductivity, luster, ductility, and malleability

-Alkaline Earth Metals- 2nd column, low densities, low melting points and boiling points

-Transition Metals- 3rd-12th columns, high melting and boiling points, high densities

-Nonmetals- C, N, O, P, S, Se (abbr.), poor electrical conductors, not malleable or ductile

-Halogen- 17th column, highly reactive, toxic

-Noble Gases- 18th column, doesn't react with other elements, odorless

-Other Metals- Groups 13-15, solid, ductile and malleable

Periodic Table

Groups vs Periods

A period is a horizontal row of the periodic table. A group is a vertical row of the periodic table, like a column.

Chemical & Physical Changes

Chemical Changes- a change of materials into another, new materials with different properties and one or more than one new substances are formed. Examples: Baking a cake, burning paper/wood, boiling an egg. It can be considered a chemical change when the substance's composition is changed.

Physical Changes- only physical properties of substances are changed and no new substance is formed. Examples: Chopping wood, shredding paper, crushing a can. It can be considered a physical change when they are reversable or irreversable.

Density & Matter

Density is how much space an object or substance takes up in another object.

Density Equation: d=m/v

Matter- Everything that takes up space and can be weighed.

Matter is made up of atoms and molecules. They are 10^-10 meters large.

Density & Matter

Lab Safety

-ALWAYS wear safety goggles

-Tie back long hair, jewelry, or anything that may catch in equipment

-Never eat food, drink beverages, chew gum, apply cosmetics (including lip balm), or handle contact lenses in the laboratory. -Use a chemical fume hood or biosafety cabinet, as directed by your supervisor

-Keep aisles clear

-Don't smell, touch, or eat anything unless instructed to do so.

Mixture Types & Compounds

Mixture Types- Heterogeneous and Homogeneous

Compounds are substances which can be formed by chemically combining two or more elements. Mixtures are substances that are formed by physically mixing two or more substances.

Mixture Types & Compounds

Atomic Theory

- John Dalton- formulated a new atomic theory to explain chemical reactions

- Rutherford- postulated the nuclear structure of the atom

- JJ Thomson- experimented with cathode ray tubes and showed that all atoms contain tiny negatively charged subatomic particles or electrons.

Dalton's Model- the Billiard Ball Model

Rutherford's Model- Rutherford's Nuclear Atom

Thomson's Model- the Plum Pudding Model

Bohr Model- has a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by negative electrons moving around the nucleus in orbits.

Atomic Theory

Balancing Chemical Equations

How to balance a chemical equation step-by-step:

First, count the atoms on each side. Second, change the coefficient of one of the substances. Third, count the numbers of atoms again. Repeat the process until the equation is balanced.

Types of Chemical Reactions

- Combustion

- Single Displacement

- Double Displacement

Naming Compounds

Molecular compounds are named with the first element first and then the second element by using the stem of the element name plus the suffix -ide. Prefix depends on how many atoms are in it.

Ionic compounds are named by stating the cation first, followed by the anion.

Chemical Equations

Law of Conservation of Mass

The mass in an isolated system can neither be created nor be destroyed, but can be transformed from one form to another.

Law of Conservation of Mass

Ionic vs Covalent Bonds

In ionic bonds, it loses electrons to become a positively charged cation.

In covalent bonds, it gains electrons to have more stability.

An ionic compound is a compound that is formed by ionic bonding. Ionic bonding occurs through a process called electron transfer, where one atom gives electrons to another.

A covalent compound is made when two or more nonmetal atoms bond by sharing valence electrons.

Ionic vs Covalent Bonds

Elements & Ions

Element- a simple substance that cannot be broken down into smaller parts or changed into another substance.

Ions- Cations, which are positively charged, and Anions which are negatively charged.

Cations are positively charged ions meaning they have more protons than electrons due to having lost one or more electrons.

Anions are negatively charged ions meaning they have more electrons than protons due to have gained one or more electrons.

Elements & Ions

Measurement & Variables

Basic Measurements- Distance, Time, Mass.

Independent Variables aren't affected by any other variables that the study measures like time and age.

Dependent Variables are what you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment like income and education.

Measurement & Variables

Observation & Inference

Observation- making an educated guess about something based off notes or experiment.

Inference- an idea or conclusion that's drawn from evidence and reasoning.

Equipment Identification

Mortar and Pestle

Test Tubes

Graduated Cylinders

Flask

Watch Glass

Tongs

Safety Goggles

Erlenmeyer Flask

Thermometer

Etc.

Observation & Inference

Learn more about creating dynamic, engaging presentations with Prezi