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Transcript

AYUB KHAN ERA

presented by

  • AMIR ALI
  • ANWAR ZAIB
  • ALLAH NAWAZ
  • ADEENA ASAD
  • MALAIKA KHAN
  • SUMMIYYA QASIM

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Born on 14th may 1907 in Rihana village near Haripur, Hazara Pakistan.

Studied at Ali garh Muslim university .

join the British army in 1926.

Fought in the world war 2 as commisioned officer.

attained the rank of brigadier in 1947.

In 1951 he became the commander in chief of pak army .

Army took control of the country and appointed Genral Ayub kahn as martial law administration.

Soon after Ayub khan declared himself as a president..

introduction

ARMY LIFE

  • Army officer in the British army.
  • Fought in the world war 11 as a colonel in the British Indian army.
  • Joined Pakistan army in 1951.
  • Was appointed as first Commander-In-Chief of Pakistan army by Liaquat Ali khan.

ARMY LIFE

ARMY

LIFE

ROLE OF AYUB KHAN AS COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF

  • Marked a change in the military tradition of preferring native pakistanis;it ended the transitional role of British Military officers.
  • For the first time military was directly involved in politics of the country.
  • Iskander mirza enforced the first Marshal Law in Pakistan with the help of Ayub khan.
  • Designated as the Chief Marshal Law Administrator.
  • Played a key role in negotiations concerning Pakistan's entry into United States sponsored military alliances C.E.N.T.O and S.E.A.T.O.
  • First foreign visit to Turkey in 1953 as an army Commander-In-Chief.
  • Visit to United States.

POLITICAL LIFE OF AYUB KHAN

POLITICAL LIFE

  • Takeover
  • Administrative/Economic policies
  • System of basic democracy
  • Foreign policy
  • Decline continued

achievements

ACHIEVEMENTS

  • ayub khan era (oct 1958-march 1969)was known as the decade of development
  • industrialization in pakistan
  • educationl reforms
  • agricultural reforms
  • green revolution
  • 1965 war
  • built tarbela dam
  • adminstrative reforms were introduced
  • improved law and order in pakistan
  • passed a new constitution in 1962
  • introduced a law to redistribute the land
  • new industries were setup
  • in 1959 captial was moved from karachi to the newly established city islamabad
  • making of price control list
  • took steps to eradicate smuggling
  • during his time pakistan was so established that gave loan to Germany

Main causes of war

WAR 1965

.War was result of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 to September 1965. 2.Pakistan operation Gibraltar.

3.operation was meant to precipitate insurgency against India.

4.India reacted and launches full scale war on west Pakistan.

5.it was 17 day war and was result of cold war since 1947.

6.the other main cause was Rann of Kutch. that is barren land in desert of Gujrat.

7.first issue arose in january 1956 and that was followed by small scale battle on 8 april 1965 but on june 1965 british prime minister Harold Wilson successfully settle down the dispute.

8.in august Ayub khan want to start military campaign in kashmir.

9.On 5 Aug between 26000 to 33000 Pakistani soldier invade in kashmir through LOC.

10.Indian cross cease fire line on 15 Aug.

11. Pakistan made progress in uri ,tithual and poonch.while india took control over Haji pir pass.

12 on 1 September 1965 Pakistan launched operation grand slam to capture akhnoor,and indian were taken surprise.

13 To divert pakistan force india cross western border on 6 September.

14. it was massive battle after world war 2

.Casualities and loses!!

Casualities and loses!!

INDIA.

3000 men.

150-190 tanks.

60-75 aircrafts.

540 km2 .

PAKISTAN.

3800 men.

200-300 tanks

20 aircrafts.

1840 km2.but pakistan claims 2575 km2.

Ayub khan policy during War!

.Ayub khan policy during War!

1.He wrote his autobiography "Friends not Masters".

2.Pakistan became informal allie of china in 1959 but later on china diplomatic support and transfer of military equipment was important during war.

3.Ayub khan foreign ministers Zulfiqar ali bhutto is credited for this.

4.before war UK and USA were major allie of both countries but they dont indulge them selves in war .

5 later on they move to china and Russia. Soviet union open door to both countries .

6. Ayub khan broke the agreement with USA which was signed in 1959 and close down their activities in peshawar.

impact of war on Ayub khan politics.

1 On september 23 1965 ,UN arrange ceasefire.

2.in january 1966 Ayub khan and LAL BAHADUR SHASTRI signed a declaration under russian premier ALEXEI KOSYGIN supervision at Tashkent.

3.In Feb 1966 a national conference was held in lahore to discuss Tashkent declaration.

4.most politican took it as a unnecessary capitulation toward india.

5.East wing was not given full representation only 21 politician came under mujib ur rehman lead. he presented six points.

6 Foreign minister.Bhutto resign on Aug 31 1966.

7. He became vocal leader and found PPP in 1968.

8.In Feb1968 Ayub khan illness and his family members corruption weakend his position.

9.In west pakistan ppp was considered as revolutionary party while in east pakistan six points become ralling cry of people.

10. In Oct 1968 govt sponsered a celebration called "Decade of Development".

11. Bhutto challenged Ayub khan on ballot box while in east dissatisfication went deeper.

12.In jan 1969 several opposition parties formed" Democratic Action Committe".

13.Ayub khan reacted by alternating conciliation and repression Army move to lahor karachi peshawar dhaka and khulna.

14.In rural area of east pakistan curfew was launched but proved ineffective.

15.In Feb 1969 Ayub khan released political prisnores and invited DAC to meet him in Rawalpindi.

16.Still in poor health and lacking confidance of his generals Ayub khan wants political settlements.

17.On march 25 1969 Martial law was again proclaimed .

18. General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan was designated as a CMLA.

19.1962 constitution was aborted Ayub khan resign and Yahya Khan become President.

impact of war on Ayub khan politics.

Causes of war

INDUS WATER TREATY

  • 1.The indus water treaty was signed on September 19, 1960 by the prime mister Jawaharlal nehru and Pakistan's president ayub khan
  • 2.It was brokered by the world bank.
  • 3.The treaty administers how river indus and its tributaries that flow in both the countries will be utilised.
  • 4.According to the treaty ,beas,Ravi, and sutlej are to be governed by india, while indus ,chenab , and jehlum are to be taken care by Pakistan.
  • 5.However, since indus flows from india, the country is allowed to use 20% of its water for irrigation, power generation and transport puropses.
  • 6.A permanent indus commission was set up as a bilatera commission implement and manage the treaty.The commission solves disputes arrising over water sharing.
  • 7.The treaty also provides arbitration mechanism to solve disputes amicably.
  • 8.Though indus originates from Tibet, china has been kept out of the treaty.If China dicides to stop or change the flow of river , it will affect both india and pakistan.
  • 9.Climate changes causing melting of ice in Tibetan plateau, which scientists believe will affect the river in future.
  • 10.It maybe noted that both india and pakistan are still at loggerheads over various issues since partition, but there has been no fight over water after the treaty was ratified

EVENT 1

Agricultural Reforms In Ayub Khan’s Era:

1. No could own land holdings less than 12.5 acres or greater than 500 acres (irrigated) or 100 acres (unirrigated)

2. The land in excess was confiscated by the government and redistributed among the landless farmers so the landless farmers can also make earning for theirselves

3. In his era use of HYVs (high yielding variety) use of fertilizers produced by  fertilizer industries that were recently developed, encouragement of mechanization by the way of availability of tractors and harvesters  on easy instalments.

4. Installations of tube wells, better irrigational facilities

5. Due to the 3 dams built as a result of the Indus Water treaty in1960 with India which ensured constant water supply for 10 years.

6. Loans for farmers

7. Protection to tenants

8. Rights for tenants

9. Agriculture development bank was set

These policies brought about a green revolution and so crop yields were at an all time record. However, it lead to large scale unemployment and these facilities could not be used by poor peasants who found them too expensive. So they made rich richer and poor poorer.

EVENT 2

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