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Oncology

Concept Map

Cancer

ONCOLOGY

  • A group of more than 200 diseases characterized by uncontrolled and unregulated growth of cells

  • In 2012, cancer was the leading cause of death in Canada, accounting for 30% of all deaths

  • In 2016, it was estimated 2/5 canadians will develop cancer, and 1/4 will die from it

Development of Cancer

DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER

-Development of cancer may be:

-Genetic

-Chemical

-Environmental

-Viral

-Immunological

-or Multifactorial

Modifiable Risk Factors

RISK FACTORS

-Lack of physical activity

-Smoking

-Eating habits -Alcohol consumption

-Excessive body weight

-Excessive sun Exposure

Disease Process

  • Cancer encompasses many diseases that can arise in any cell of the body, capable of evading regulatory controls over proliferation and differentiation

DISEASE

PROCESS

Clinical Staging

CANCER

STAGING

Stage 0: Cancer in situ

Stage I: Tumour limited to tissue of origin; localized tumour growth

Stage II: Limited local spread

Stage III: Extensive local and regional spread

Stage IV: Metastasis

7 Warning Signs of Cancer

using the CAUTION Acronym

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

C Change in bowel or bladder habits

A A sore that does not heal

U Unusual bleeding or discharge from a body orifice

T Thickening of a lump in the breast or elsewhere

I Indigestion or difficulty swallowing

O Obvious change in a wart or mole

N Nagging cough or hoarseness

Cancer Diagnosis Plan

Physical examination

Identification of risk factors

4

DIAGNOSIS

3

2

1

Health history

Specific diagnostic studies

Diagnostics

  • Cytology studies
  • Hematology and chemistry studies
  • Radiological studies
  • Radioisotope scanning
  • Bone marrow examination
  • Biopsy

Biopsy procedure involves a histological examination by a pathologist of a surgically removed piece of tissue

Tissue may be obtained by:

  • needle or aspiration
  • incision procedure
  • excision procedure

Nursing Diagnosis

NURSING

DIAGNOSIS

-Patient at risk for experiencing fear and anxiety related to diagnoses

-Patient at risk for anticipatory grieving related to loss of physiological well-being (loss of body part, change in the body)

Fatigue

Fatigue

Fatigue is a commonly reported adverse affect of cancer therapy, affecting 70 - 100% of patients. Ignoring fatigue or over stressing the body when fatigue is tolerable may lead to an increase in symptoms.

Maintaining good nutrition and adequate hydration, alternating periods of rest and activity, relying on family members for assistance, and managing pain and anxiety may help reduce fatigue.

Anorexia

Anorexia

Anorexia may develop as a general reaction to treatment. The mechanisms underlying the development of anorexia are unclear, but several theories exist.

Anorexia peaks at about 4 weeks of treatment and seems to resolve more quickly than fatigue when treatment ends.

The patients body weight should be measured least twice weekly.

Cancer Prevention

Cancer

Prevention

1. Don't use tobacco

2. Eat a healthy diet

3. Maintain a healthy weight and be physically active

4. Protect yourself from the sun

5. Get vaccinated

6.Get regular medical care

Goals

GOALS

The goals of cancer treatment is cure, control, or palliation. Factors determining the therapeutic approach include the cell type of the cancer, the location and the size of the tumor, and the extant of the disease.

When caring for a patient with cancer, the nurse should know the goals of the treatment plan when communicating and supporting the client.

Modalities

The goals of cure, control, and palliation are achieved through the use of four treatment modalities: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and biological therapy. These modalities can be used alone or in any combination in the initial treatment phase, as well as in the repeated treatment phases of cancer.

Modalities

Potential

Complications

COMPLICATIONS

  • Patients may develop complications related to the continual growth of the malignancy or adverse effects of treatment

Nutritional Problems

  • Malnutrition
  • Altered taste sensation

Nutritional Problems

Infection

Infection

Infection occurs as a result of ulceration and necrosis caused by the tumor, compression of vital organs, and neutropenia caused the disease process or treatment of cancer

Oncological Emergencies

Oncological

Emergencies

  • Obstructive emergencies caused by tumor obstruction
  • Metabolic emergencies caused by ectopic hormones
  • Infiltration emergencies

Reference

Lewis, S., Dirksen, S., Heitkemper, M., Bucher, L., & Camera, I. (2014). Medical-Surgical Nursing In Canada: Assessment and management of clinical problems. Toronto, ON: Elsevier Canada.

REFERENCE

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