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Developmental Theories
Theories of Development
Prepared By:
Kholoud Hashem Salloum
Growth & Development
Objectives:
At the end of the unit, the student able to define the Theoretic Foundations of personality development:
1. Psycho-sexual development theory (Freud’s theory).
2. Psychosocial development theory (Erickson’s theory).
3.Theoretic Foundations of mental development:
A. Cognitive development theory (Piaget’s theory).
B. Moral development theory (Kohlberg’s theory).
C. Separation- Individuation theory (Mahler’s theory).
Introduction
Introduction
Developmental theories
Developmental theories
Sigmund Freud (psychosexual Development):
• Freud believed that sexual impulses and desires motivate much human behavior.
Freud
- Personality components are:
- Id
- Ego
- and Superego.
The Id is the part of one’s nature that reflects basic or innate desires such as pleasure seeking behavior, aggression, and sexual impulses.
The Why
ID:
Personality components
The third component, the Ego, is the balancing or mediating force between the id and the superego.
Ego
The Superego is the part of a person’s nature that reflects moral and ethical concepts, values, and parental and social expectations; therefore, it is in direct opposition to the id.
SuperEgo
Phases
Freud development Phases are:
1. Oral Stage (Birth to 1 year)
2. Anal Stage (1 to 3 years)
3. Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years)
4. Latency Stage (6 years to puberty)
5. Genital Stage (puberty to adult)
Oral Stage (0 – 1 year old):
A child derives pleasure from oral activities, such as sucking and tasting.
Oral Stage
Oral stage
The nurse duty is:
Encourage self-feeding, avoid foreign object ingestion
-Successful satisfaction of the child’s feeding needs and proper weaning may result in the establishment of trust.
-Too much or too little gratification cause an oral fixation for the adult individual. This is represented with oral activities such as drinking alcohol, smoking, overeating, or nail biting.
Anal stage
The nurse duty is Explain to family and teach child hygiene.
-Contrarily, anal fixations can translate into an obsession with perfection, extreme cleanliness, and control or the opposite, which is messiness and disorganization in
-A positive and appropriate experience revolving can encourage competence, creativity and productivity
The main source of gratification at this stage is the ability to control bladder movement and the elimination or retention of feces.
Anal Stage:(1 – 3 years old)
-Fear of punishment can lead to suppression of feelings felt toward the opposite sex parent.
-Fixation at this stage may bring about sexual deviancy or weak sexual identity.
While, the (Electra Complex) girls are more attached to their father.
-At this Freud psychosexual stage, the focus of pleasure is the genitals.
Phallic Stage
-Boys have (Oedipal Complex) where they are more attached to their mothers.
Penis envy: Process that occurs during the Phallic Stage in which a girl wishes to possess her father sexually and feels hostility toward her mother.
Phallic Stage: (3 – 6 years old)
At this stage, sexual desires are usually repressed and the individual spends most of his/her time interacting with same sex peers, engaging in hobbies and acquiring skills.
-Sexual Desires Repressed
-Resolution of oedipal & Electra complex
Latency Period: (6-11 or 13 years)
Latency Period
Genital Stage:Less than 13 years (Puberty onward)
The focus at this stage is on the Sexual Desires
-They are directed toward opposite sex peers, with genitals as the primary source of pleasure.
-Individuals who completed the earlier stages successfully become well-adjusted, caring and secure individuals
Genital Stage
In brief
Freud theory in brief:
Mahler
Mahler Theory:
(Separation-Individuation of Child Development)
Mahler describes a series of stages occurring within the first three years of life aimed at the developmental goal of Separation and Individuation.
Stages of the Development:
- 1. Normal autistic stage(0-1 month)
- 2. Normal symbiotic stage(0-5 month)
- 3. Separation-Individuation stage(5-24 month)
Normal autistic
Normal autistic stage: (0-1 month) the infant is primarily focused on himself/herself.
This phase shows that infants are usually self-absorbed, because they spend most of them time sleeping and crying, and spending less time actually trying to figure out the world that they are living in and the people they are around.
Normal symbiotic
2. Normal symbiotic stage: (1-5 months)
At this phase, the infant vaguely acknowledges the mother’s existence, not as a unique entity, but as the main source of need-satisfaction.
In the normal symbiotic phase, newborn grow a very close connection with themselves and their mother.
- This relationship is very essential to them,
- They focus on this relationship more than they focus on . the outside world.
- During this phase, the infant realizes that it is living in order to please its mother.
Separation
Separation-Individuation stage:
(5-24 months)
Rapprochement (15–24 months)
In this phase, the infant wants to further explore the world, but wants to have the mother's attention throughout their exploration. If the mother doesn't pay attention to the child's enthusiasm to observe their surroundings, the infant may feel abandoned or anxious.
This phase is divided into 3 subcategories that go further in depth into how infants begin to grow into an individual.
Practicing (9–16 months)
In this phase, usually, infants begin to crawl and look for ways to explore their surroundings.
.1 Hatching (first months)
.2 Practicing (9–16 months)
.3 Rapprochement (15–24 months)
Hatching (first months)
In this phase, infants begin to have a certain alertness about the outside world, and they're wanting to look at the world in a more enthusiastic way.
Erikson’s stages of Psyco-social development theory:
• Erik Erikson was a German born psychoanalyst who extended Freud’s work on personality development across the life span while focusing on social and psychological development in the life stages.
• In his view, psychosocial growth occurs in sequential phases, and each stage is dependent on completion of the previous stage and life task.
Eriksson
Questions
Building Team Relationships
Prioritizing team building on a remote team helps combat isolation
Hope
Coffee Chats
https://about.gitlab.com/company/culture/all-remote/informal-communication/#coffee-chats
Slack Channels
meant for
personal sharing:
#random, #dadjokes, #officetoday, #travel
Virtual Happy Hours/Social Calls
https://about.gitlab.com/company/culture/all-remote/informal-communication/#team-social-calls
Pizza Parties
https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2019/10/02/support-virtual-pizza-party/
Walking Meetings
Remote Examples
Visiting Grants
https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/incentives/#visiting-grant
Will
Purpose
Remote Examples
Visiting Grants
https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/incentives/#visiting-grant
Walking Meetings
Pizza Parties
https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2019/10/02/support-virtual-pizza-party/
Virtual Happy Hours/Social Calls
Slack Channels
https://about.gitlab.com/company/culture/all-remote/informal-communication/#team-social-calls
meant for
personal sharing:
#random, #dadjokes, #officetoday, #travel
Coffee Chats
https://about.gitlab.com/company/culture/all-remote/informal-communication/#coffee-chats
Remote Examples
Competence
Coffee Chats
Slack Channels
Virtual Happy Hours/Social Calls
https://about.gitlab.com/company/culture/all-remote/informal-communication/#coffee-chats
meant for
personal sharing:
#random, #dadjokes, #officetoday, #travel
Pizza Parties
https://about.gitlab.com/company/culture/all-remote/informal-communication/#team-social-calls
Walking Meetings
https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2019/10/02/support-virtual-pizza-party/
Visiting Grants
https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/incentives/#visiting-grant
Coffee Chats
https://about.gitlab.com/company/culture/all-remote/informal-communication/#coffee-chats
Slack Channels
meant for
personal sharing:
#random, #dadjokes, #officetoday, #travel
Virtual Happy Hours/Social Calls
https://about.gitlab.com/company/culture/all-remote/informal-communication/#team-social-calls
Pizza Parties
Remote Examples
https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2019/10/02/support-virtual-pizza-party/
Walking Meetings
Fidelity
Visiting Grants
https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/incentives/#visiting-grant
Coffee Chats
https://about.gitlab.com/company/culture/all-remote/informal-communication/#coffee-chats
Slack Channels
meant for
personal sharing:
#random, #dadjokes, #officetoday, #travel
Virtual Happy Hours/Social Calls
https://about.gitlab.com/company/culture/all-remote/informal-communication/#team-social-calls
Pizza Parties
Remote Examples
https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2019/10/02/support-virtual-pizza-party/
Walking Meetings
Love
Visiting Grants
https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/incentives/#visiting-grant
Coffee Chats
https://about.gitlab.com/company/culture/all-remote/informal-communication/#coffee-chats
Slack Channels
meant for
personal sharing:
#random, #dadjokes, #officetoday, #travel
Virtual Happy Hours/Social Calls
https://about.gitlab.com/company/culture/all-remote/informal-communication/#team-social-calls
Pizza Parties
https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2019/10/02/support-virtual-pizza-party/
Walking Meetings
Remote Examples
Visiting Grants
https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/incentives/#visiting-grant
Care
Building Team Relationships
Prioritizing team building on a remote team helps combat isolation
Wisdom
Piaget
Piaget’s stages of Cognitive development theory:
Sensorimotor
These things continue to exist even when they cannot see them.
Motor activity without use of symbols. All things learned are based on experiences, or trial & error.
Motor activity without use of symbols. All things learned are based on experiences, or trial & error.
Sensorimotor: Birth to 2 years old
Goal
Object permanence
Pre-operational
Pre-operational: 2 to 7 years old
-Development of language (they are able to use symbols), memory, and imagination.
Symbolic thought & imagination
- They assume that everyone else sees things from the same viewpoint as they do.
- Intelligence is both egocentric & intuitive.
The child learns to use and to represent objects by images, words and drawings.
In addition, the egocentric means child has difficulty taking the viewpoint of others.
Concrete operational
Concrete operational: 7 to 11 years old
However, thinking still tends to be tied to concrete reality
Operational thought
- At this stage, children are able to see things from different points of view and to imagine events that occur outside their own lives. Some organized, logical thought processes are now evident and they are able to:
• Order objects by size, color gradient, etc.
• Understand that if 3 + 4 = 7 then (7-4=3)
-can group in ascending & descending order.
• Understand that a red square can belong to both category ((the 'red' category and the 'square' category))
• Understand Conservation that means a short wide cup can hold the same amount of liquid as a tall thin cup.
Formal operational
Abstract concepts
Formal operational (11+ yrs):(Adolescence to adulthood)
Use of symbols to relate to abstract concepts. Able to Make Hypotheses and relationships.
- There is a much greater focus on Possibilities and on Ideological issues.
Formal operational
Piaget in Brief:
Relationship
Development
Kohlberg
Remote work != limit team building
It is a powerful tool to strengthen team relationships
Questions and Misconceptions
Remote Work Questions and Misconceptions
“I can never focus at home!”
“How do you work at home all day?”
“Do you ever feel isolated?”
Building Team
Prioritizing team building on a remote team helps combat isolation
Building Team Relationships
Examples
Remote Examples
Visiting Grants
https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/incentives/#visiting-grant
Walking Meetings
Pizza Parties
https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2019/10/02/support-virtual-pizza-party/
Virtual Happy Hours/Social Calls
https://about.gitlab.com/company/culture/all-remote/informal-communication/#team-social-calls
Slack Channels
meant for
personal sharing:
#random, #dadjokes, #officetoday, #travel
Coffee Chats
https://about.gitlab.com/company/culture/all-remote/informal-communication/#coffee-chats
Take Action
Take
Action
Check out these resources for a successful shift into remote work.
1
GitLab Communication handbook section and Remote Manifesto as a guide.
Companies
2
Embrace all-remote work, and demonstrate at the leadership level.
Action Steps for Companies
Action Steps
for Individuals
Adopt low context communication in your job application materials, and interview strategies.
Individuals
Document your journey by writing LinkedIn articles or starting a blog.