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Four Language Theories
Applications
Four Theory Groups of Language Learning
Theory Groups
Basics of Behaviorism
Behaviorism
• Frequent practice (drills & conditioning)
• Trainings and Reinforcement (stimulus driven)
– Audio-lingual method (repeat after me)
• Linguistic environment affects learning (stimuli around student)
• Structure and grammar as starting point
• Practice – drill - memorize
• Teacher-directed/controlled (Learner is passive)
Form over Function of Lg.a
• Imitation=mimicry: Mirroring/ Echoing
• Cause & Effect Relationship
• Pre-known answer by the manipulator
• Instrumental/measurement driven
Names
People
Psychologists of Behaviorism
John Watson & Ivan Pavlov (General Psychological perspective)
Thorndike – pioneered behaviorism learning for humans (adults)… incremental, automatic, similar to animals, Cause & Effect, Mass production of tests (multiple choice), texts, workbooks, education as factory,
B.F. Skinner (building off of Thorndike) – similar patterns, no real “free will” of humans, patterns of conditioning, rewards, rote learning (drill), “teaching machine”
Form Habits… drill, drill, drill
N. Brooks & R. Lado (1960s) – Foreign Language Teaching
Teach yourself a language (study big grammar and then small grammar) A;klsdfj
Hockett – Structuralist (against generativists/innatists/Chomsky);
Language as systematic coupled with arbitrariness
Drill, Drill, and More Drill
Basics of Cognitivism
Cognitivists
Competence over Performance
Study the structure (underlying ability to perform)
Universal Grammar – Acquisition is basically the same/common for all languages
Systematicity & Variability (against Behaviorism) – Many documented patterns for similar learning but some variabilities occur
Wrong use of system will be worked out through perception or monitor or else fossilization occurs
Comparing Brains to Computer Processors
Metaphors
Language Metaphors/Terms:
Hard wiring in the brain (LAD)
Competence & Performance
Input & Output
Form & Function
Memory Bank
Control and/or automatic
Brain generates schemas/schematics and patterns (“Plug-in” to them)
Basics of Constructivim
Cognitivists and Constructivits
Nativists maintain that linguistic environment triggers innate language capacity
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Children construct their own grammar (not just mimic adults)
Affect, Input, background experience, learning strategies affect language acquisition
Types of language – Social & Academic
Krashen Monitor Model
Krashen Models
Affective Filter – emotional variables (motivation, anxiety, and self-confidence)
Input Hypothesis – Lg. is acquired through understanding (Comprehensible input)
The Monitor – Error-detecting mechanism that is responsible for accuracy
Natural Order – Certain rules in Lg. are acquired before others (both L1 & L2)
Acquisition vs. Learning – Learning = Lg. rules (formal); Acquisition = subconscious lg. level/ use
Basics of "Mediationalists"
Mediationalists
Definition and why we use the term 'mediationalists (voiceover)
Cultural Psychology (New/Current)
Consciousness can be materialized observed
Understand the mind through use and activity instead of guesses about subconscious desires (e.g., evaluating dreams, prescripted stages)
Environment is important (like Behaviorism) but Humans are AGENTS and have VOLITION (not simply reactors in a stimulus/stimuli process)
Participation Metaphor
Mind is in Society (Brain and Heart are organs that work with nervous system and create/send messages, but the Mind is socially formed and organized).
Vygotsky
Mediation
Dialectics
Video of Dr. R?
Mediational Theory
Applications
Cognitivist and Constructivit Theory
Cognitivist Theory
CHomsky
universal grammar
patterns in language
all languages have patters
universals that can help us to a certain extent
Crossing the road...