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By Tabitha Morrison and Shelby Smith
Civil Rights Era
New South Era
Antebellum Era
World War II Era
Civil War Era
Reconstruction Era
Colonial Period
January 13th, 1733
James Oglethorpe and a group of settlers sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from Britain to settle in the colony of Georgia. They sailed over on a ship called Anne. They initially arrived in the Carolinas but made their way to Savannah. They settled in Savannah, Georgia on February 12th which is why it is known as Georgia Day. Oglethorpe wanted to establish Georgia as a place for debtors but none of the settlers from the Anne were debtors.
James Oglethorpe & 130 colonists from England arrive in Charleston, SC
French and Indian War
On this day, Georgia officially transitioned from being controlled by the Trustees to becoming a royal colony. The Georgia General Assembly met for the first time in Savannah which included a Commons House of Assembly and an appointed Upper house of Assembly. One of their first acts was that all males between 16 and 60 had to form a militia. They also had to spend up to 12 days each year working on local roads.
Also known as the 7 Years war
Union forces who were commanded by William Sherman wanted to neutralize confederate forces southeast of Atlanta which contained an important rail and supply hub. The confederate general at the time was John Bell Hood who lost 8,500 men in the battle while Sherman triumphantly only lost 3,600. Sherman had his army burn down a lot of buildings in the city before heading to Savannah to begin his March to Sea. This battle is known for it’s strategic military brilliance and is known to be a huge reason why Abraham Lincoln was reelected.
The Dahlonega Mint: 1838
Gold Rush
Throughout the Gold Rush in Georgia, the state suffered due to a limited circulation of currency. Miners were trying to convey that they needed a way to have the gold assayed in order to get gold coins. This is where the local mint came into discussion and soon congress made the authorization for the establishment of the Branch Mint at Dahlonega and it went into operation generating thousands to eventually millions of dollars of gold produced.
Georgia held 8 different land lotteries between 1805 and 1833. These land lotteries were lands that were sold to thousands of families and individuals for a small price. The Land Lotteries also helped form the Georgia that we know today. Georgia had acquired these lands by essentially forcing the removal of both the Creek and the Cherokee Indians out of their lands.
April 1775
Patriots from Georgia spiked cannon in Savannah in hopes of preventing them from being fired for the birthday of the King. 300 Patriots gathered around while a Liberty Tree and Liberty Pole were erected. The Patriots voted to join all other 12 colonies in boycotting goods from Britain. They also set up a Council of Safety in Savannah to help enforce their boycott.
Took place in Massachusetts
The Cherokee Nation went to the Supreme Court to try and stop Georgia from enforcing laws that would strip the Cherokees from their land as well as their rights. The Cherokee Nation argued that the laws were violating their treaties they had with Georgia. The court ruled that the Cherokees didn't constitute a foreign nation and therefore dismissed the case.
May 1838- March 1839
Once Georgia had found that the Cherokee Indians land was home to gold , they not only ceased their lands from them illegally,but also forced them all out of their land, and led to them being forced out of Georgia and to move west, with what is known as the Trail of Tears.
Trail of Tears
November 30th, 1864
Battle of Franklin, Tennessee
On a 285 mile march, Sherman led 60,000 of his soldiers from Atlanta to Savannah frightening Georgia civilians. The Union wanted to south to secede from the Confederacy so they stormed the towns, burnt down houses, and stole food and livestock in an attempt to scare the southerners. They wanted the southern civilians to feel like the confederacy could not protect them that way they would leave.
7,700 confederate casualties
The Battle of Columbus was one of the last battle of the civil war which was also the last engagement of Wilson's raid. General Wilson led three divisions through Georgia and Alabama throughout the spring of 1865. The battle was brief as both sides were fighting to capture a bridge located between Girard, Alabama and Columbus, Georgia. Johnston made a truce with Sherman before General Wilson arrived because he didn't want any more casualties. However, even though there were thousands of troops on both sides of the bridge, this battle had very few casualties.
After the civil war had ended, General William Sherman and his army left Georgia and crossed state lines into South Carolina. They did leave a small force behind in Savannah.
The Military Department of Georgia was established in late June of 1865. For black and whites, the U.S Army provided stability along with food rations in certain areas of the state. For the next 6 years, the number of Georgia soldiers fluctuated between 9,000 and over 15,000. However, the majority of this period, there were usually less than 1,000.
On November 7th, a constitutional convention assembled in Milledgeville and adopted the Georgia Constitution of 1865. This was called by the provisional governor, James Johnson and included a repeal of the Ordinance of Secession, the abolition of slavery, and a repudiation of war debt. This constitution continues the bill of rights and didn't make any significant changes to the legislature. This constitution states that judges of all courts except superior and supreme court had to be appointed by the people.
There were several setbacks with Georgia as far as it came to rejoining the union. The setbacks were due to things such as the Freedmen’s Bureau, the Ku Klux Klan, and the General Assembly’s expulsion. Georgia was the last of the confederate states to be readmitted into the union because of this
The three-day riot was when mobs of white people went and killed several black people over the course of three days. They would also go to black people’s property and cause serious damage to them as well. The initial cause of the riot was because of a newspaper report of alleged assaults on white females, by black males. Georgia was known to have the most lynching’s out of all the South for a couple of decades.
The Freedom Riders were a group of both black and white people who went on a series of integrated bus rides through the South in order to protest the segregation on buses. The Freedom Riders had arrived in Georgia on May 12th. They went to a select few cities, those being Augusta, Atlanta, and passing through Athens. They were meet without any incident, and even more so praise as they were met by several activists and supporters, and even Martin Luther King Jr. had dinner with the one evening.
Greensboro Sit-in
The Albany Movement was something that was formed in Albany, Georgia. The movement was formed and created by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and was essentially a campaign that advocated and protested for civil rights. This group grew to be very popular and was supported by Martin Luther King Jr. who was Georgia and America's most famous nonviolent civil rights leader.
World War II benefited Georgia in several different ways. Since all southern states were playing a crucial part throughout World War II, Georgia was home to the largest military training school in Fort Benning. There were also jobs that were created because of the war that gave employment to thousands of Georgia citizens, and boosted Georgia’s economy. The result of starting World War II for Georgia was that this helped the state tremendously with getting through the aftermath of the Great Depression.
Plessy versus Ferguson was brought to the supreme court. The case was due to the Jim Crow laws making segregation legal in Georgia and the South. The supreme court ruled that racial segregation laws were constitutional laws, as long as the segregated areas are equal in quality. This is where the phrase “separate but equal” came from.
On April 12th, local women from Columbus, Georgia organized the Columbus Ladies' Memorial Association. It was the first one of the South. After they formed, similar associations began to form in other southern cities. The efforts of these women eventually led to the adoption of Confederate Memorial Day. Their efforts also led to an erection of memorial statues on courthouse grounds all over the South.
100 black delegates who were concerned about the conditions following the civil war met in Augusta at Springfield Baptist Church. They asked for equal pay, jury duty, voting rights, equal treatment in public accommodations, and public schools where black and whites could attend. This convention created the Georgia Equal Rights Association. The association was headed by a white Republican named J.E Bryant.
The Jim Crow laws were passed in Georgia and the whole south. This made racial segregation legal in Georgia and the South. The laws were esentialy made for the prevention of blacks from having equal rights, with things such as voting, even though they were no longer slaves.
During Georgia’s three-year drought hit Georgia hard both economically and agriculturally. With having an irrigation system that was very insufficient, farms began to suffer, leading to an even further depressed agricultural economy. This also led to farmers leaving their land to move to the cities, or their land becoming foreclosed and given to sharecroppers. Two thirds of the farm land that were originally farm land were then operated by sharecroppers.
With Franklin Roosevelt introducing the New Deal in the south, it helped Georgia in many ways after the Great Depression. The New Deal introduced programs and acts to help boost Georgia and its economy. A few examples would be the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the WPA, and the NYA. Georgia was able to build back to having a good economy, as well as things such as education, health care, highway modification, and rural electrification.
May 17,1954
In January of 1956, Georgia governor Marvin Griffin decided to introduce a "massive resistance" package which involved legislation that resisted integration. He did not agree with the ruling of the Brown vs Board of Education court case. Griffin also introduced an interposition resolution at the Georgia General Assembly that made Georgia the only southern state to follow through with the threat.
With the recent ruling of the Brown v Board of Education, Georgia was not pleased with the supreme court’s decision. This caused Georgia politicians and citizens to begin advocating for having a statewide school closing instead of having to comply with the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision. The court’s decision was that the “separate but equal” laws in schools were unconstitutional.