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History 3 eso

The birth of the modern world

The birth of the modern world

Changes in 15th & 16th

As a cultural movement, the Renaissance had a significant impact on intellectual life in Europe.

Changes in 15th & 16th

Humanist Academies

Humanism

-cultural movement(15th)-close to renaissance

-revolutionary thoughts

-GOD- Theocentricism

-humanists-inspiration

-nature- antropocentrism

Humanism

Humanist Ideas

1 human centre of universe

2 man- free & responsible

3 know =observ & investigate

4 school teach-classical authors

5 education =dialoge & reasoning

Erasmus,prince of humanist

Erasmus of Rotterdam

-opposed-medieval thoughts

-reading,thinking & searching

- christianity & classical-compatible

-lutheran

How were books printed 15th

Monjes & frailes coping=expensive & inaccesible

Gutenberg’s printing press

1st book-Bible in Germany (1455)

1470s in Spain

How where books printed?

Typographic technique

System use combination of moveable types with a structure

type:block with a letter on the upper surface(reuse)

Renaissance 15th &16th

World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted

Renaissance

-new artistic movement-closely linked to humanism

CLASSICAL MODELS

-Architects: archeological remains & adapt classical style(G&R features)

-Painters & sculptors (G&R mythology)importance of beauty of human body

CLASSICAL MODELS

ART IMPORTANCE

-Human figure-importance

-Religious themes-inspiration

-Scenes reflecting-every day life of royals & nobility in court

-Portraits-reflect image for prosperity

ART IMPORTANCE

ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

ARCHITECTURE

ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

-1st Italy then rest of Europe

2 periods:

QUATTROCENTO(1440)

Began in Florence, flourished under Medici family

CINQUECENTO(1500)

when capital of art moved to Rome & Pope act as patron

PAINTING & SCULPTURE

ARCHITECTURE

-Architects want to create harmonious spaces

-With mathematical proportions

-Including classical elements(lintels,friezes,Greek columns, semi-circular arches & Roman domes)

PAINTING & SCULPTURE

-Painters:recreate classical mythology, religious scenes, use laws of perspective(geometry, optical instruments)

-Sculptors:human body (proportions & harmony)

-Sculptures:as decorative relief for buildings (equestrian sculpture)

RENAISSANCE IN REST OF EUROPE

-Inspired by Italian artists

RENAISSANCE IN REST OF EUROPE 16th

Germany

-Since Lutheran reformation

-German artist work with:austere religious themes, portraits, landscapes, & mythological scenes

-Renaissance aesthetic by Albrecht DÜrer, a painter, print marker & engaver

-Hans Holbein the younger & Lucas Cronach the Elder

France end 15th

- Italian influence

-Francis I great humanist & pathron of arts

-Including Da Vinci, worked at his court

-Architecture (places & castles)

France

RENAISSANCE IN SPAIN 16th

-began late, Italian and Flemish influences, artist that traveled to Italy introduce new style

-light color & perspective-important

_religious themes-focused

Architecture

RENAISSANCE IN SPAIN

Sculpture & religious imagery

El Greco

El Greco

The primacy of imagination and intuition over the subjective character of creation he discarded classicist criteria such as measure and proportion. He believed that grace is the supreme quest of art, but the painter achieves grace only if he manages to solve the most complex problems with obvious ease.

color as the most important and the most ungovernable element of painting

ARCHITECTURE

-Plateresque style:new decorative elements to Gothic buildings & use of reliefs

-Classical:(columns, lintels and gables)

-Hererian:lack of ornamentation, straight lines and cubic volumes

Sculpture & religious imagery

-Spanish school of sculpture-religious sentiment & represent spirituality

-Altarpieces, funeral monuments & religious imagery specially in polychrome

-sculptors:Bartolomé Ordoñez, Alonso Berruguete & Juan de Juni

The great geographical discoveries

-15th Iberian Peninsula ÷ in 5 kingdoms

-Biggest & strongest-Castile & Crown of Aragón

-1469-marriage of Isabella & Ferdinand

-1479 Ferdinand became king when his father die

-Isabella defeated her niece, Joanna la Beltraneja

DYNASTIC UNION

-The 2 territories, not became 1 kingdom(Castille & Crown of Aragón)

-Isabella recognised Ferdinand as king os Castille

-Ferdinand recognise Isabellas rights in Aragón

Expansion of Peninsula

Prioritie-unite territories

Portugal

-Use policy(marriage)

-Philip II inherited Portuguese crown

Expansion of Peninsula

Granada

Nasrids(10 years war)

1492

Navarre

-Alliance with France

-Invaded by Ferdinand

-1515(laws and institutions)

Foreign policy

Aggressive foreign policy, pursued by Catholic Monarchs

Foreign policy

In Mediterranean

-Catholic monarchs -gain power by maritime force

-Kingdom of Naples governed by a descendant of house of Aragón

-France-wanted to conquer Naples

In Atlantic(commercial)

In Atlantic

1492 Columbus (Americas)- new continent

Castile-greatest empire(of the period)

Atlantic-major commercial center

The rise of the Spanish empire

-Charles I (grandson of Catholic monarchs), son of Joanna of Castile and German prince Philip of Habsburg , king of Castile, Aragón & Navarre.Also he inherited extensive territories form his grand parents (Europe & Americas) and named emperor of Germany , Charles V his name in Germany

-Universal Empire

-Religious confrontations

The rise of the Spanish empire

Reactions to Habsburg's power

The House of Habsburg became extinct in the male line in the 18th century. The senior Spanish branch ended upon the death of Charles II of Spain in 1700 and was replaced by the House of Bourbon. The remaining Austrian branch became extinct in the male line in 1740 with the death of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI

Reactions to Habsburg's power

Opposition to Philip II

problems related to religious minorities

Alpujarras-rebelión

Philip II persecuted converted Jews and Muslims(Granada), he use Spanish Inquisition

1567-pragmática sanción

1566-prohibitions to use their language or customs

Efforts to maintain the empire

-Competed with France with the italian peninsula. Francis I was one of Charles I's great rivals.

-1525-the Battle of Pavia, 1557 San Quentin, the Duchy of Milan

-Lutheranism in the German states -war.

-After Lutheran victories , Charles I signed the peace of Augsburg (1555)

-Expansion of protestantism

-Calvinism-in Netherlands inhabitants refused to pay taxes to the Crown

-King Henry VII-Anglicanism

Efforts to maintain the empire

Turkish threat

-1453-capture of Constantinople

-Territorial expansion Danube, the Mediterranean & North Africa

-1535 Charles I occupied Tunisia

-1571-Turks at Battle of Lepanto

Annexation of Portugal

-1580-king of Portugal died with no heir and his son gain the throne

1580-1640

Portugal and its colonies were ruled by Spanish monarchy

The Americas

The Americas

In 1492, Christopher Columbus, supported by the Spanish government, undertook a voyage to find a new route to Asia and inadvertently encountered “new” lands in the Americas full of long established communities and cultures. Other European countries quickly followed the French government, where they began the settlement of New France, developing the fur industry and fostering a more respectful relationship.Spanish conquistadors invaded areas of Central and South America looking for riches, explorations was deeply affected by the invaders’ interactions with indigenous groups

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