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A progressive nervous system disease that affects movement. Symptoms gradually occur when an usual noticeable tremor of the hands. Tremors are common, however, the disorder is consisted of symptoms such as stiffness and the slowing of movement.
Parkinson's disease is increasingly seen as a complex neurodegenerative disease with a sequence of progression. This disease process first affects the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and the olfactory bulbs and the nucleus, then the locus coeruleus, and eventually the subtansia nigra. Cortical areas of the brain are affected at a later stage. Damage to these various neuronal systems account for the multi-faceted pathophysiologic changes that results in impairments not just to the motor system, but also to the cognitive and neuropsychological systems.
- Advancing of Age
- Gender
- Genetics
- Environmental Factors
- Head Traumas
There is no lab or imaging test for definitive Parkinson's disease. However, in 2011, The US Food and Drug Administration had approved and imaging scan called DaTscan. This technique allowed medical physicians to view detailed images of the brain's dopamine system.
Dizziness
Loss of Appetite
Diarrhea
Xerostomia
Pain in the mouth and throat
Constipation
Altered sense of taste
Confusion/Memory Loss
Numbness
Insomnia
Parasomnia (strange dreams)
Itching/skin rash
Dizziness
Drowsiness
Headaches
Blurred Vision
Nausea
Vomiting
Xerostomia
Loss of Appetite
Heartburn
Diarrhea
Constipation
Sneezing/Stuffy Nose
Cough/Cold symptoms
Muscle Pain
Involuntary muscle movements
Hypertension
ALT or AST increseased to greater than ULN
Falls
Orthostatic Hypotension
Nausea
Insomnia
Anxiety
Mild Nausea
Xerostomia
Lightheadedness
Constipation
Confusion (older PD patients)
Hallucinations (older PD patients)
May exaggerate some Levadopa-related side effects (Dyskinesia)
Confusion
Hallucinations
Discoloration of urine (reddish-brown, rust-colored)
Diarrhea
Seizure
Susceptible to Infections
Headache
Confusion
Concentration Difficulties
Stroke
Temporary Pain and Swelling at the implantation site
Hardware complications (eroded lead wire)
Risk for Falls
Speech Therapy
Diet & Exercise
Side Effects of Medications
Impaired verbal communication r/t decreased volume, slowness of speech, impaired facial muscles as evidence by the neurological and musculoskeletal effects of Parkinson's disease.
Listen to the patient carefully. Validate verbal and nonverbal cues or expressions particular when dealing with pain and use appropriate scale for pain.
Risk for injuries r/t alteration in cognitive and psychomotor functioning as evidenced by the risks factors of tremors, slow reactions and altered gait.
Provide a safe environment for patient. Assess patient's surroundings when entering the patient's room. Orient the patient in their room. (Orientation of the patient's personal belongings and space can provide them a sense of control towards their surrounding especially geriatric patients.
Chronic sorrow r/t loss of physical capacity as evidenced by the denial of their current health status.
Determine the client's degree of sorrow; Assess the patient's eight mood states: grief, shock, anger, hopelessness, sadness, disbelief, fear and guilt.
March 8, Editorial Team, and 2017. “What Are Common Risk Factors for Parkinson’s?” ParkinsonsDisease.net, Mar. 2018, parkinsonsdisease.net/basics/risk-factors-causes.
Mayo Clinic. “Parkinson’s Disease - Diagnosis and Treatment - Mayo Clinic.” Mayoclinic.org, 2018, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376062.
“Parkinson’s Disease - Symptoms and Causes.” Mayo Clinic, 8 Dec. 2020, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20376055.
O’Maley, Karen, et al. “Teaching People with Parkinson’s Disease about Their Medication.” Nursing Older People, vol. 17, no. 1, Mar. 2005, pp. 14–20, 10.7748/nop2005.03.17.1.14.c2357.
Gulanick, M., & Myers, J. L. (2011). Nursing care plans: Diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes. Elsevier Mosby.