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JapaneseInternment
2
Transcript
Japanese
Internment
In the United States
Pre-Pearl Harbor
- Anti-Asian agitation
- 1922 US began monitoring those at Bainbridge
- 1924 Immigration Act
- 1936 Lists of “dangerous” Japanese Americans
- Munson Report
- Pre-Internment Camp
- No threat from West Coast Japanese
- Japan will import spies
- 250-300 were on a dangerous list
- Only 50-60 could really be considered dangerous
Japanese Generations
The Japanese Generations
- The Issei: First Generation
- Cultural background all Japanese
- 55-65 years old
- 90-98 percent are loyal to the United States
- Are foreigners in Japan and eager to show it
- The Nisei: Second Generation
- Full education in United States
- The Kibei
- Received part of education in Japan
- “Most dangerous”
The Order
- Pearl Harbor
- Executive Order 9066
- February 19, 1942
- 6 weeks later
- Excluded all persons
- Newspapers and Politicians
- “Once a Jap, always a Jap, and that’s all there is to it.”
The Politics
- President Roosevelt
- Finalized Executive Order 9066
- Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt
- Head of the defense of the Pacific Coast
- Cautious, indecisive, and panic stricken.
- Certain that a Japanese invasion was very possible.
- “The Japanese is an enemy race…the racial strains are undiluted.”
- Declared the West coast a restricted military area.
Lead-up to the Camps
Lead-Up
- Registration
- All Japanese Americans
- Wanted to move all from the
- Exclusion Areas.
- Assembly facilities
- Stadiums and fair grounds
- Communal bathrooms and dining areas
- Poor conditions-shacks or horse stalls
Bainbridge
The Bainbridge Island Evacuation
- First Evacuation
- 1942
- Organized by the Emergency Defense Council
- 250 farmers and fishermen
- Civilian Exclusion Order No. 1
- March 24
- Model for evacuations to come.
The Roundup
- Six Days
- Homes
- Provisions
- March 30
- 11:00 a.m.
- Put under armed guard
- Ferry to Seattle
- Train to central California
- 4 years in camp
Complete corresponding worksheet!
Invasion of Civil Liberties
- 70% of internees were American born civilians
- Basic rights denied
- Right to assemble
- Religious freedom
- Freedom of speech
- Right to privacy
- Censored reading material
- Japanese to English dictionaries
- Hymnals and religious books
Rules of the Camp
Camp
- Twice a day roll calls
- Curfews
- Must be in living quarters from 10:30 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.
- Lights out by 10:30 p.m.
- Permitted in cases of sickness, fire, pregnant mothers
- Mail was censored
- Phonographs banned
- Visitors allowed from 1-4:30
- Could not stand within 10 feet of the fence.
- Labor and school life
- Earned $18.00 a month
- $0.45/day for food rations
Location
Internment Camp Locations
- Poston, AZ
- Gila River, AR
- Tula Lake, CA
- Manzanar, CA
- Minidoka, ID
- Topaz, UT
- Heart Mountain, WY
The Prisoners
- 120,000 prisoners of Japanese ancestry
- Most were U.S citizens or legal permanent aliens
- Over ½ not yet of voting age.
- Originally only 85,000 men were going to be imprisoned.
- Public against excluding Germans and Italians.
Personal testimonial
Bad Treatment
- Mistreatment of prisoners by soldiers was not too uncommon.
- James Hatsuki Wakasa
- Shot and killed on April 11, 1943 at Topaz.
- Trying to escape by crawling through the fence.
- Body moved 45 min. after he was killed.
- Evidence
- Blood pool 5 feet inside the fence.
- Wakasa was facing the soldier when he was shot.
- Soldier who shot him was found “not guilty.”
Japanese in the Military
- WWII: 1941
- 5000 in U.S. forces
- Many discharged
- 4-C, “enemy aliens”
- 100th Infantry Battalion
- May 1942
- Nisei volunteers
- Sent to North Africa in June 1943
- Very high casualty rate
- Most decorated unit in U.S. history for its size
- 18,000 individual decorations for bravery
- 9,500 Purple Hearts
Hawaiian Japanese Americans
- Did not suffer from the racism on the mainland.
- Were not sent to camps because Hawaii could not lose that much of their work force.
- 1/3 of population was Japanese.
- May have been more accepted because there were other “brown skins” in Hawaii.
- Chinese, Filipino, Japanese and Hawaiian.
- Only 1,500 were removed to the mainland.
Reparations and Aftermath
Aftermath
- 1976 (34 years later)
- President Gerald Ford declared a “national mistake.”
- 1988 (46 years later)
- Japanese American Redress Bill
- Acknowledged “a grave injustice was done”
- Signed by President Ronald Reagan
- Provided reparations of $20,000 for surviving internees.
- Families lost 4-5 billion dollars in property
- Health Impacts
- Internees have a 2 times greater incidence of heart disease and premature death compared to non-interned.
WWYD?
What Would You Do?
Get into pairs!
Grab a worksheet!
Be ready to watch and make a decision!!
https://www.ww2classroom.org/?q=node/293
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