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Form 2 / Chapter 5
By Mr. Lee Cheng Yun
Water (Air)
Solution (Larutan)
Water Problems ( Isu Air)
1. Physical Characteristics (Sifat2 Fizik)
2. Capillary Action (Tindakan Kapilari)
Two Main Physical Characteristics (Dua sifat fizik utama)
1. Surface tension (Ketegangan Permukaan)
2. Capillary Action (Tindakan Kapilari)
1. Formed due to strong cohesive force between molecules of water
(Dibentuk oleh daya lekitan antara molekul-molekul air)
2. Forms elastic membrane (membentuk membran yang kenyal)
1. Due to Cohesive and Adhesive Force
(Disebabkan oleh daya lekitan dan daya lekutan)
2. Two types of Capillary Action
(Dua jenis tindakan kapilari)
- Capillary Attraction (Tarikan Kapilari)
- Capillary Repulsion (Tolakan Kapilari)
1. A concave meniscus is formed when adhesive force > cohesive force
(Meniskus berbentuk cekung akan dibentuk apabila daya lekatan > daya lekitan)
2. A convex meniscus is formed when cohesive force > adhesive force
(Meniskus berbentuk cembung akan dibentuk apabila daya lekitan > daya lekatan)
Water Composition / Komposisi Air
1. 2 Hydrogen (H) atoms & 1 Oxygen (O). H2O.
(2 atom Hidrogen (H) & 1 atom Oksigen (O)).
2. Can be broken down by electrolysis (Boleh diuraikan melalui elektrolisis)
1. What are impurities? (Apakah itu bendasing?)
2. Effect of impurities on water (Kesan Bendasing terhadap air)
- Melting point of Ice (Takat lebur ais)
- Boiling point of water (Takat didih air)
- Density of water (Ketumpatan air)
- Surface tension of water (Sifat ketegangan air)
1. Solute - To be dissolved
(Zat Larut - Dilarut)
2. Solvent - To dissolve
(Pelarut - Melarut)
3. Solution - Mixture of both
(Larutan - Campuran)
1. Amount of solute (Jumlah kandungan zat terlarut)
2. Dissolvability (Kelarutan)
3. Content of undissolved solute (Kandungan zat terlarut yang tidak larut)
1. Composition (Komposisi)
2. Appearance (Rupa)
3. Penetration of light (Penembusan cahaya)
4. Left to stand (Dibiarkan sekita)
5. Filterability (Kebolehturasan)
1. Temperature of solvent (Suhu Pelarut)
2. Rate of stirring (Kadar kacauan)
3. Size of solute (Saiz zat terlarut)
1. Mixture of two or more solutes that disperse evenly in a solvent (Campuran dua atau lebih zat terlarut yang tersebar secara sekata dalam pelarut)
2. Types of colloids
- Emulsion (Emulsi)
- Foam (Busa)
- Gel (Gel)
1. Dissolves a lot of substances (Boleh melarutkan kebanyakan bahan)
2. Water can dissolve...
1. To dissolve substances that water cannot dissolve
(Melarutkan bahan yang tidak boleh dilarut oleh air)
2. Carbon-based solvents (Pelarut berasas karbon)
3. Volatile, carcinogenic, combustible, toxic
(Mudah meruap, karsinogenik, mudah terbakar, beracun)
4. Alcohol, kerosene, acetone and turpentine
(Alkohol, kerosin, aseton, turpentin)
1. Water Purification (Pembersihan Air)
2. Water Shortage (Kekurangan Air)
3. Water Supply System (Sistem Pembekalan Air)
4. Water Pollution (Pencemaran Air)