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Transcript

Stiff Anatomy Timeline

Isabella Valdez & Angel Chavez

Timeline

Year: 2600 B.C.

Around 2600 B.C. Huang Ti, the Father of Chinese Medicine, had a difficult time doing tests about medicine and the body. Parliament said that no one could open bodies, so he had to run tests and ultimately found out that the heart controlled the blood in the body and that our blood continuously flows.

1

Year: 1700s

In the 1700s, universities became really expensive. In order to learn about the anatomy of the body, students were required to pay the tuition of the college in order to go to the classes. In Scottish universities, the tuition could be paid in corpses instead of cash.

2

3

Year: 1752

In 1752 they mandated that dissection be a sentencing option for murderers. They I feel they were disparate as well because back in that time with no technology and little resources they needed more hands- on work with the human body.

4

Year: 1822

In 1822, a composer by the name of Hector Berlioz wrote a memoir. In this memoir, he emphasized and defended his actions of becoming a music composer rather than going into the medical field. On his account, he witnessed that he saw hanging limbs and skulls open. He felt as if this was extremely disrespectful and was disgusted with this so much he changed professions.

5

Year: 1828

In 1828, an owner of a boarding house was unforgiving of a debt that a dead lodger could not pay off. Because he was so mad that he could not receive his money, he sold the dead body to an anatomist and realized he could profit off dead bodies.

6

Year: 1831

In 1831, universities were becoming more and more expensive. In Paris, students would take unnamed and unmarked bodies inorder to learn the anatomy of a body. They did this because they would not justify paying for expensive classes just to learn about the body. 6

7

In the 1960s, funerals were rising in price, therefore people were dreading to plan funerals. With this, people noticed that others could sell cadavers instead of having to bury people’s bodies. Due to the cadaver shortage, people ended up selling more cadavers.

Year: 1960

8

Year: 1992

Because there were social outcasts and a demand for more cadavers, people would hope to find the outcasts like prostitutes and hope to experiment on them. One night in 1922 guards from Universidad Libre asked a man named Oscar to help them to collect trash. As he was helping them they hit him on the head to try to knock him out and possibly sell him. This did not work and he got away freely.

9

Year: 2002

In Taliban communities, the clerics demand that no one is allowed to touch or dissect cadavers or use skeletons. They did this because they took over mostly Muslim people, which were more inclined to study anatomy. In turn, a report in 2002 interviewed a student that claims he volunteered his grandmother, he even had to dig her up.

10

Year: 2004

University students would use the body of dead cadavers that were murdered in the gross anatomy lab and used as test to experiment on. ‘’ I remember my teammate was just hacking him apart digging something out.’’ I'm in the middle of feeling bad and like oh well if i had a loved one in this case a cadaver i wouldn't want them being torn apart and being used as experiments knowing they died a harsh way. But in 2004 I feel they could have been desperate to learn about anatomy.

Controversial Contributions

Controversial Contributions

Contribution 1

Contribution 1 - 1845

A doctor by the name of Sims originally didn’t want to study women at all. This changed once he received a patient that had a pelvic injury. Once fascinated with the woman's body, he changed his career to studying gynecology. He then started to keep women at his house so that he could study their bodies at any time and on any day.

Contribution 2

Contribution 2 - 1939

After the intense Nazi rebellion, a Nazi doctor named Eduard Pernkopf was about to conduct research due to the new Third Reich law that was passed in 1939. This law stated that all executed prisoners were to be sent to doctors. Pernkopf benefitted from this as he could document photographs for his major book.

Contribution 3

Contribution 3 - 1951

In 1951, Gynecologist, Dr. Howard Jones, stumbled upon a rare and extensive tumor in Henrietta Lacks’ cervix. After intense studying, Dr. George Gey noticed that Lacks’ cells were unlike any other cancerous patient. Her cells multiplied after 20 to 24 hours. This was unusual because other patients’ cells died. Even today, the HeLa cells, the proper name for Henrietta Lacks’ cells, are still being used to conduct research on how different types of viruses and drugs react with cancer cells.

Our Reflections

Reflections

Angel's

I think the way people learned about the human body was a little ruthless but it means you really have to see things to know what you're doing and learning. Ethical history could be useful because you can see what happened in the past and compare it to the present. Learning about controversial contributions does change my mind a little in a way where I wanna help more and use the technology we have now to improve things discovered back in other years. That's how we can combine and use old with new discoveries .

Isabella's

In a way, I feel like people were really determined to learn about the human body no matter the difficult tasks that we required to learn. I feel eerie due to the fact that people would try to trap and target living people to make a sort of income off of their cadavers. Ethical history is important to learn because it shows how people have developed throughout the years, as well as, how to not make the same mistakes as others have. The ends are, in a way, justified simply because today anatomists know so much about the body. Learning about the hardships and stories of scientifical contributions actually does change the way I think about the subject of anatomy and physiology. In a way, I feel as if I respect the subject a lot more than before because now I know few of the many difficulties that are assaociated with anatomical subject.

Citations

Baker, Keiligh. “Eduard Pernkopf: The Nazi Book of Anatomy Still Used by Surgeons.” BBC News, BBC, 18 Aug. 2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/health-49294861.

Butanis, Benjamin. “The Legacy of Henrietta Lacks.” Johns Hopkins Medicine, Based in Baltimore, Maryland, 18 Feb. 2022, https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/henriettalacks/.

Holland, Brynn. “The 'Father of Modern Gynecology' Performed Shocking Experiments on Enslaved Women.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 29 Aug. 2017, https://www.history.com/news/the-father-of-modern-gynecology-performed-shocking-experiments-on-slaves.

Roach, Mary. “Chapter 2.” Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York, NY, 2021.

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