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- Visceral: relating to, or located on or among the viscera
- Leishmaniasis: is caused by a protozoa parasite from over 20 Leishmania species. Over 90 sandfly species are known to transmit Leishmania parasites. There are 3 main forms of the disease
- Complications: a secondary disease or condition aggravating an already existing one.
DEFINITIONS
APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE
Also known as kala-azar is fatal if left untreated in over 95% of cases. It is characterized by irregular bouts of fever, weight loss, enlargement of the spleen and liver, and anaemia. Most cases occur in Brazil, East Africa and in South-East Asia. An estimated 50 000 to 90 000 new cases of VL occur worldwide each year out of which only an estimated 25–45% are reported to WHO. In 2017, more than 95% of new cases reported to WHO occurred in 10 countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Nepal, Somalia, South Sudan and Sudan.
Combination therapy for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis has increasingly been advocated as a way to increase treatment efficacy and tolerance, reduce treatment duration and cost, and limit the emergence of drug resistance.
Additional advantages are reduced treatment duration (8-17 days), with potentially better patient compliance and lesser burden on the health system.
PROS & CONS
ISSUE APPLIED IN ECUADOR
So far this year, 1,002 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis have been reported in Ecuador, of which 28 have been reported in recent months in the provinces of Pichincha and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, according to data from the Deputy Secretary of Surveillance of the Public health.
CONCLUSIONS
Complications of leishmaniasis occur as a consequence of anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. They may include the following:
* Secondary bacterial infection, including pneumonia and tuberculosis
* Septicemia
* Disfigurement of nose, lips, and palate (eg, cancrum oris)
* Uncontrolled bleeding
* Splenic rupture
* Late stages: Edema, cachexia, and hyperpigmentation
* Metastatic lesions in the nasopharynx with tissue destruction