GENE EDITING USING CRISPR
OUR MEMBERS
Group 2
- ADITYA MISRA
- ADEEB AHMAD SIDDIQUE
- AKASH K
- AKHIL PUNDIR
- m. lalith eswar sai
- SHUBHAM
WHAT IS CRISPR GENE EDITING
INTRODUCTION
CRISPR gene editing is a genetic engineering technique in molecular biology by which the genomes of living organisms can be modified.
WHAT IS GENE EDITING
GENE EDITING
GENE editing/ genome engineering is a type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted deleted modified or replace in the genome of a living organinsm
Major Milestones
nobel prize for CRISPR cas9 genome editing
Discovery of CRISPR clustered repeats in E.coli
evidence for bacterial CRISPR adaptive immunity
CRISPR cas9 gene editing achieved in mammalian cells
Identification of Cas gene
1st CRISPR Germline editing in implanted human embryoys
classification of CRISPR systems into 3 types
CRISPR
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea.
These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages that had previously infected the prokaryote. They are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteriophages during subsequent infections.
Gene silencing and editing with CRISPR
CRISPR techniques allow scientists to modify specific genes BY designing and synthesize short RNA molecules that match a specific DNA sequences—for example, in a human cell. Once localized to the DNA region of interest, the molecular machinery can silence a gene or even change the sequence of a gene
GENE EDITING
CRISPR ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS (cas Protiens)
MOLECULAR MACHINARY
Homologys genes that accompany the prokaryote repeat cluster. The CRISPR-Cas system acts in a sequence-specific manner by recognizing and cleaving foreign DNA or RNA. The defence mechanism can be divided into three stages:
- adaptation or spacer acquisition
- crRNA biogenesis
- target interference (figure 1).
Cas 9
Cas9 (CRISPR associated protein 9, formerly called Cas5, Csn1, or Csx12) is a 160 kilodalton protein which plays a vital role in the immunological defense of certain bacteria against DNA viruses and plasmids, and is heavily utilized in genetic engineering applications. Its main function is to cut DNA and thereby alter a cell's genome. The CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique was a significant contributor to the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020 being awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna.
Cas 12a System
Cas 12
- The CRISPR/Cas12a system (Cpf1) is a single RNA-guided endonuclease used for genome editing.
- The Cas12a enzyme has several gene-editing characteristics that differ from the Cas9 system. One major difference between the Cas12a and Cas9 systems is that Cas12a recognizes a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM), while Cas9 recognizes a G-rich PAM.
- Cas 12a nucleus also generates a 5 bp staggered dsDNA break end that are formed downstream of the Pam sequence, while cas 9 nucleas only forms blunt end cut of 3bp upstream of the PAM sequence.
- The Cas12a system increases number of the potential target sites that can be used for CRISPR-mediated gene-editing.
Cas 13
Cas 13 protiens
- The diverse Cas13 family contains at least four known subtypes, including Cas13a (formerly C2c2), Cas13b, Cas13c, and Cas13d .
- Cas13a can programmatically bind and cleave RNA, protecting bacteria from RNA phages and serving as a powerful platform for RNA manipulation
Conclusion
CONCLUSION
CRISPR systems will undoubtedly revolutionize study and treatment of both immunologic and alergic diseases.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Curing genetic diseases and cancer treatment
the future of CRISPR
CRISPR COULD CORRECT THE GENETIC ERRORS THAT CAUSE DISEASE
CRISPR CAN ELIMINATE THE MICROBES THAT CAUSE DISEASE
Future
CRISPR COULD RESURRECT SPECIES
CRISPR COULD CREATE NEW, HEALTHIER FOODS
CRISPR COULD ERADICATE THE PLANET'S MOST DANGEROUS PEST