Big Bang Timeline

13.8 Billion years ago

Rapid expansion of the universe in size

Role of quarks

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13.8 Billion years ago: The universe begins its expansion, doubling it's size more than 90 times in less than a billionth of a trillionth second. The expansion continues even to this day, although not as fast. . The universe is very hot, but will start cooling rapidly. The hotter the universe, the more fluid energy is, and the more sructures are "created".

1 Quadrillianth second (or 10-15) after the bang: quarks come into existence after the universe has cooled to what some say is about 1 billlion celcius

Somewhere in between 10-15 and 10-6 electrons form. However, anti electrons also form at a rate where there is one billion and one positive and a billion anti electrons http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~ryden/ast162_10/notes44.html. They are created by 2 photons colliding, forming anti electrons and electrons with the above rate. However when antielectrons (or positrons) and electrons collide, photons are created. New electrons stop being created at around 4 seconds after the bang due to the temperature dropping to low to sustain the required photon energy.

A couple illianthes of a second later (or 10-6 seconds from the bang) and those quarks have now transformed into protons and neutrons. They are formed in a similar way to electrons (with help from quarks), but due to their size stop being created after 10-4 seconds of the bang. This is because the temperature dropped below 10 trillion degrees Kelvin (1 Kelvin is -272.15c)

3 Minutes after the Bang: Those Protons and Neutrons form into nuclei, they are not atoms yet as it is too hot for the electrons to orbit consistently.

20 Minutes after the bang: nuclei has trouble forming as the universe has cooled dramatically.

Creation of electrons, protons and photons. The wiggly lines are photons

Nuclei at this point

380, 000 years after the Big Bang

First atoms are formed and Cosmic Micro-Waves: 380,000 thousand years after the big bang, things where cold enough and there was enough space to allow the first atoms to form. Before the immense heat would simply interrupt and energize the atoms, transforming them into plasma. The radiation was no longer pulling the electrons and protons from the atoms like before. The new atoms were Hydrogen and Helium. The photons had been released as extra energy from the atoms to which they were bonded and started to propagate throughout the universe. These photons make up the "Cosmic Microwave background".

These hydrogen and helium slowly form big packs of gases, and marked the beginning of the cosmic dark ages, dubbed because of the limited supply of light (before it was to hot for the light to exist).

Image of Cosmic Micro-waves

With the loss of energy, photons are released (--

200 million years after the Big Bang

Clouds of hydrogen and helium begin to gravitate and collapse, forming the first stars and marking the end of the dark ages. Inside these stars are the formation of new elements through the intense gravity and heat in the core of stars.

elements formed in stars (-- | The closest star to the bang discovered --)

500 million years after the Big Bang

The first oxygen is created. Through the heat of the stars the element oxygen is created. Unfortunately, I could not find the origins of Iron, the last element created in a star before it goes supernova. However iron was probably first created another couple of million years because it is created later in the age of a star.

Supernovas propagate all the elements in the star before it dies across the universe, they also help in making new elements due the the heat and energy dispelled.

Elements created towards the inside, because of the heat

Helpful graphic for how supernovas create new elements

1 billion years after the Big Bang

The first galaxies are created. The congregation of stars form the first galaxies, a process that continues now, although most of the time a galaxy swallows or merges with another. Our galaxy, the Milky Way has swallowed other galaxies to attain it's size.

A galaxy swallowing another (-- | The milky Way absorbing another galaxy --)

1.2 billion years after the Big Bang

Our galaxy, the milky way forms. A while later, about 9 billion years after the big bang, our solar system on the then outer reaches of the galaxy forms.

9 billion years after the Big Bang

The sun, the star responsible for life on our planet, forms. The sun was formed after a giant solar nebular collapsed into a disc from gravity. Most of the material was pulled into what is now known as the sun. Earth forms 30 million years after. Earth forms after a swirl of gases, rocks and others got pulled together by gravity. We have since been rotating around the sun.

A hundred million years after the formation of earth, water begins to develop water and oceans form, however they are still to hot to contain life.

Formation of the sun

Early Earth

Formation of the earth

4 Billion years ago

First single-cellular organism forms under the ocean, due to volcanic vents. This marks the first life that we know of in the universe, a monumental event. A study found evidence of "carbon cycling" in Australia, which may be the earliest form of life 4.1 billion years ago https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4664351/. What we do know is that the bacteria formed in the ocean, either on a shelf or by a volcanic vent. Later forms transferred sun into energy similar to photosynthesis.

Early life forms (-- | Volcanic vents where early life forms lived --)

Picture bibliography

https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/690458186590912996/

https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-1015451059-abstract-vertical-blue-laser-line-light-led

https://www.voanews.com/usa/pentagon-state-dept-approves-possible-8b-fighter-jet-sale-taiwan

https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/12/21/how-biden-can-stop-irans-conservatives-from-undermining-the-nuclear-deal/

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http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html

https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2018/08/15/what-was-it-like-when-we-lost-the-last-of-our-antimatter/?sh=1ea1d1596660

https://astronomy.com/magazine/ask-astro/2018/12/the-first-element

https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/auroras/sun_earth_connect.html

https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Solano_Community_College/Chem_160/Chapter_07%3A_Atomic_Structure_and_Periodicity/7.03_The_Atomic_Spectrum_of_Hydrogen

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https://sites.ualberta.ca/~pogosyan/teaching/ASTRO_122/lect18/lecture18.html

https://www.slide-finder.com/match/Planetary-Geology--.296702.8.html?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=a8bdb524daa9d6de51f689a4521eb9fa60d9fe8d-1621046319-0-AWoo-nHx4JS7cnQ1G6ECA66D8aUDl8a-4b_nRzTDrdNtTBHU4gKAT8_Qx0n_NtA7lR92Qu-LZcemhSArTFQtfbUZ376le0W6wKqZM30fSUyMYHCGeVZp4_3BNfO8NvdBPQwONjrC-_BQpL-Pc7yd4yZQUG8QFEoGDTWWOSWJaidHBEgyBfRBr1tEdbYL3cLllEBA0uk5mn-2e-7knjQ0rnNLLeZoGNuOuNZiihXTfhtq_ldbv-kl3HxfMBeOBSkguVVl0doP62pl0UofKrmVSTM_psGenSZZ4LXUkbaIQzXbRkF5YbNMAhPs6nVTwqS4mEtpQN9ksic6AFIlxOqq6Zzhd71RCWk6WSfye4XYpDV6TOsmgIbMqfPj7vgvwjFSpaCQOxoDLklcCfku2yGzCUtsz3-LCjQW5qfC-HSWPFtacsNJ3YHP3bzumv1gAbXIrg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms

https://www.sciencealert.com/photosynthesis-emerged-much-closer-to-the-dawn-of-life-on-earth-than-we-thought

http://redefiningthesacred.com/mpitu13.html

https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/168656/view/formation-of-the-earth-artwork

https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/09/half-earths-water-formed-sun-was-born

https://www.basicknowledge101.com/subjects/space.html

https://bgr.com/science/galaxy-collision-milky-way-dwarf-5723026/

https://www.universetoday.com/21914/the-closest-galaxy-to-the-milky-way/

Picture bibliography