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YOUTH CULTURE

CHALLENGING OLDER GENERATIONS

Lilou MOTTELAY

Fiona TARPEY

Leo DODDS

2020

Teenage girls wearing casual outfits

Youth fashion

Fashion

-> the end of the war means the end of rationing and the beginning of excess

-> New availability of fabrics + new textiles and technology (ex : acrylic or polyester)

->the rise of consumerism makes clothes cheaper and affordable for teenagers.

-> Style clothing becomes an important part of culture in the 50s.

-> Fashion is now a way to express conformity but ALSO individual identity.

-> Rebirth of the Haute Couture w/ new creators who rebel against the restricted austerity styles (ex : Balenciaga).

Balenciaga's balloon jacket, 1953

Teens wearing varsity sweaters

Teddy boy style

Teens wearing jeans

Teens VS Women

Emancipation through fashion

-> Increasing gap between adult and teenage clothing.

-> Around the 55s, the biggest trends were targeted toward teenagers!

-> Girls started to wear pants and shorts but it was still considered as socially inappropriate.

Emancipation through fashion

Marlon Brando in "The Wild One"

Teens vs Men

->Boys followed the standard black leather jacket and denim jeans, just like Marlon Brando in "The Wild One", s 1953, and later in "Grease", in 1978.

-> Teenagers no longer followed their parents

but their own inspirations!

-> Fashion became a way to rebel against s rules and parental authority.

Pants and shorts with pedal pushers (pentacourt) for girls

Video about school dresscode at the time : https://youtu.be/1ham3ljTPmk

Sub cultures and inspirations

Short video about the Haute Couture at the time https://youtu.be/Tyqg2XcoeJw

Rockabilly women style

Teddy boy style

-About the different sub cultures https://youtu.be/BNVX7y-I2DU

-Video about the Teddy Boys

https://youtu.be/ZR-Km6GmKOQ

Sub cultures and influences

-> Teens were influenced by icons and

musicians such as James Dean, Marlon Brando...

-> Pin ups appeared as well as rockabilly style with Elvis Presley as major figure of influence.

-> Teens were also inspired by The Beat Generation, a group of writers who wore mainly oversized dresses and stripped shirts, and experimented drugs and their sexuality. (The hippy movement followed after, in the late 60s.)

-> In Great Britain emerged the "Teddy Boy Look" : boys wore long jackets and suit pants, with greasy hair styled back: they're juvenile deliquance and terrorize the streets of Great Britain.

-> We assisted to the rebirth of Haute Couture with new fashion creators such as Coco Chanel, Hubert de Givenchy, Balenciaga and Christian Dior.

Rockabilly men style

Example of a pin up

men and women of the beat generation

Prom school dance

Prom school dances were integral part of teen life, and a very important ritual for every teenager.

Girls wore princess dresses, headbands and pearls while boys wore sophisticated suits.

This tradition still continues in the USA, and has not lost his magic.

Zoom : the prom!

-> technology evolved, easier to access

because cheaper = youth becomes the prime market

-> music became youth's beacon

a mean of expression/ political statement

-> 50's : Rock and Roll, R&B, creating mainstream market

Music

Jazz, Blues,

Country

-> 60's :

Rock&Roll

Rock

Folk

Pop

Psychadelia,

Surf Rock...

Chuck Berry

Rock&Roll :

add some joy

Rock

&

Roll

Rythm

&

Blues

(and a bit of country)

too black to be popular

speed it up

Little Richard's crazy "Long Tall Sally" performance :

Rock&Roll

"Sex Drugs and Alcohol!!"

"yeah!!" said the teens

"too vulgar" said the adults

that's better !

Elvis the "Rockabilly"

-> Brought Rock&Roll to white audiences

-> Symbol of defiance towards older generations

Elvis on the

"Ed Sullivan Show"

Elvis,

King of Rockabilly

Rockabilly Fashion

boring plain suits

Open shirted, greasy hair, vivid colors

Elvis' fierce dance moves

Other british bands :

Rolling Stones

The British Invasion

The Who

-> Harsh times in Northern cities (Liverpool, Manchester)

"The Who" performing on the Smothers Brothers

-> Brit teens wanted a happy escape

Brit Invasion

-> Along came

defined "pop" music

-> songs about everyday life troubles

brit teens imitating beatle haircut

Motown recordings

-> Brought up Black mainstream superstars

-> 90 number 1 hits from '53 to '69

(most prolific label)

Motown

The glamorous "Supremes"

-> Motown artists advocating for equal rights

Marvin Gaye's politically engaged "What's Going On"

Folk Music :

Country Joe McDonald's legendary Woodstock performance

-> Harsh times :

Vietnam war, civil rights activism, post war depression..

Folk music

-> A politically engaged genre, youth's response to the world

Bob Dylan's defying

discography

Bob Dylan singing at MLK's

speech in 1963

Youth culture challenging older generation by changing the visual arts industry

Visual arts

How did this need to challenge older generations emerge in the 1950’s 1950’s ?

Start of the tension

Growing up as the generation of Hope

->The kids grew up in a very controlled world made just for them , new hope for an idealistic american society, and a way to forget the past.

ex : entertainment for children on televisions programs designed specifically for children began to emerge  Captain Kangaroo, Romper Room, and The Mickey Mouse Club

Very controlled information for example in the film industry people had to swear they were not communist to be able to work . Hollywood manifestations

movies and television were seen as a way to entertain, while reinforcing values such as religious faith, patriotism, and conformity to societal norms.

Youth wanting to rebel against all the propaganda they have been endorsing and the high standards set for them... want freedom!

Arrival of a new social and cultural demographic of the teenager; awkward age of rebellion and dissatisfaction from 13 to 20 yearsr old.

.

Change in the industry

The change

Sub culture the way of life, customs, and ideas of a particular group of people within a society, which are different from the rest of that society.

"youth culture" -> a concept that begun to develop in the 1920s, but throughout the Great Depression and World War II, young Americans were expected to obedient and follow society's expectations for the sake of the nation’s well-being.

The urge of individuality and distance themselves from the culture of their parents, teenagers turned to youth-oriented television programs and movies—all packaged for them through new marketing strategies targeting their demographic.

The youth is now very powerful

There's a change of view on JD , sex, drugs , diversity and a better representation of the society in general

It's the golden age on drive-in theaters -> perfect for cheap , fun gatherings (rise of consumerism)

Films and iconic figures

-Hot-rod movies

-rock movie

-teen beach movie

-Horror films

-teen melodrama

-The Wild One (1953)

-Rebel Without a Cause (1955)

-Blackboard Jungle (1955)

-Teenage Rebel (1956)

Examples

-James Dean

-Marilyn Monroe

-Frank sinatra

-Jayne Mansfield

-Paul newman

-Cary grant

In the 60s face european competition

Later (1978) Grease is released has a throwback from the 1950’s

Andy warhol most famous artworks

Plastic arts evolution

Bridget riley and her optical illusion

-> The 50s : birth of new art movements : New figurative art, conceptual art, happenings and POP ART( which appears in 1952 in London)!!

->Reacting against : the government strong influence on art + conservative art style

-> Pop art : uses comic books, famous movies + stars, advertisement, commercial screen painting techniques

-> Andy Warhol "In the future everyone will be famous for 15 minutes"

-> 60s : psychedelic art, minimalism, op art, conceptual art playing w/ classic art conventions.

-> rise of consumerism : new industrial materials for artworks

-> Birth of feminist art + black artists

-> 50s : a rupture where modern art ends and contemporary art begins

ZOOM : Plastic arts

Andy Warhol short biography https://youtu.be/7VH5MRtk9HQ

Video about the apparition of pop art https://youtu.be/6qr7cdpGDRo

Lichtenstein pop art's style

New figurative art

Minimalism + Conceptual arts

Another example of minimalism

Donal Judd art

-> Minimalism : originated from America, celebrates simplicity and reduction of art : main artists Donal Judd and Yatoi Kusama

-> Conceptual art : conceptual art reduced art

to absolute mininum + rejection of beauty

rare and skillfull as art characteristics : main

artist Joseph Kosuth

Minimalism + conceptual arts

Joseph Kosuth main artworks

The Catcher in the Rye J D Sallinger

Invisible Man Ralph Ellison

Fahrenheit 451

Ray Bradbury

Literature in youth culture challenging older generations

Literature

Atlas Shrugged

Ayn Rand

->Authors wrote about gender, race, drugs homosexuality, feminism and war, and they criticized society, just like the youth generation did → reliable

Literature heavily impacts other form of arts as it is artists fist source of inspiration , imagination ....

The Beat generation

The Beat Generation

> Writers close group of friends

>name originated from an anti-conformist youth movement

+ tired (double sense)

>diversity, censorship, challenging, raw,drug, sex, liberation/freedom

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