Epistaxis in Dogs

Viral causes:

2. Leishmaniosis

Infectious Canine Hepatitis

Introduction

Etiology

- The protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum.

Clinical findings

• Stage I (Mild disease): peripheral lymphadenopathy or papular dermatitis.

• Stage II (Moderate disease): cutaneous lesion, anorexia, weight loss, fever, diarrhea and epistaxis.

• Stage III (Serious disease): vasculitis, arthritis, uveitis and glomerulonephritis.

• Stage IV (Very serious disease): serious disorders such as thromboembolism, nephrotic syndrome or terminal kidney disease.

Treatment

- Meglumine antimoniate

- Allopurinol

- Miltefosine

Parasitic causes:

Epistaxis is a condition in which bleeding occur from nasal cavity.

It can be classified as follows:

1. Unilateral or bilateral

2. According to causes:

a) Congenital defects

b) Acquired:

o Non infectious

o Infectious: bacterial, viral, parasitic, mycotic.

1. canine nasal mites

Etiology

- Canine adeno virus 1 (CAdV-1)

Clinical signs

Hemorrhages, epistaxis, excessive bleeding.

• Anterior uveitis and corneal edema (blue eye).

• CNS signs with hepatic encephalopathy or viral

encephalitis (rare).

• Vomiting, diarrhea.

Treatment

- Treatment is supportive and nonspecific.

Acute General Treatment:

o Fluid therapy. ○ Glucose. ○ Fresh frozen plasma or fresh whole blood transfusion.

o Supplement with vitamin K. ○ Lactulose for animals have neurologic signs.

Chronic treatment:

o Diet: protein-restricted diet for animals with hepatic encephalopathy. ○Vitamin E & K.

o Prednisone or prednisolone. ○ Antifibrotics as colchicine.

Etiology

-Pneumonyssoides caninum.

Clinical Findings

•Sneezing. • Nasal discharge. • Epistaxis.

• Stridor. • Head shaking. • Facial pruritus.

Treatment

No drugs are currently approved for the treatment of P.caninum; however:

- Infested dogs also have been treated successfully with ivermectin and Selamectin.

- Milbemycin oxime was highly effective

Canine epistaxis

3. Canine Ehrlichiosis

Section B

Group A

Under supervision of: Dr.Amany Diab

Etiology

- Ehrlichia canis

Clinical Findings

An incubation period of 8-20 days followed by 3 consecutive phases:

•Subclinical: May last from months to years with no visible signs.

•Acute: Fever, anemia, anorexia, weight loss and lethargy Depression, dyspnea, vomiting and diarrhea may occur. Lymphadenopathy. Edema of lower parts

•Chronic: Epistaxis - Hemoglobinuria - Melena - formation and deposition of immune

complexes in:

o glomeruli → glomerulonephritis

o synovial membranes → Arthritis

o meninges → Meningitis

Ocular manifestations - Ocular manifestations

Aspergillosis

fungal:

Etiology

- Systemic: Aspergillus terreus most common.

- Sinonasal: Aspergillus fumigatus most common.

Clinical Presentation

o Systemic:

- Nonspecific signs predominate (e.g., lethargy, inappetence, decreased activity).

- Signs may have been present and slowly progressive for weeks to months.

- Acute signs related to discospondylitis (e.g., acute paresis/paralysis) occur in some cases.

- Spinal pain during deep palpation. - Signs of uveitis

o Sinonasal:

- Chronic nasal discharge, sneezing, epistaxis, depigmentation of nares

Treatment

For systemic aspergillosis, treatment consists of long-term systemic antifungal medication (Voriconazole) and supportive care.

For sinonasal aspergillosis, treatment is usually locally administered

antifungal medications.

2. Canine Leptospirosis

Bacterial causes:

1. Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF)

Nonspecific Causes of Canine Epistaxis

Etiology

Gram -ve bacteria (spirochetes), leptospira serovars.

Clinical Findings

• Vary from asymptomatic to severe systemic illness.

• Petechia, ecchymosis, hematemesis, hematochezia, hemoptysis, melena, epistaxis.

• Acute hepatic injury (Icterus). • Acute kidney injury.

• Red urine. • Leptospiral pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome .

• chronic renal failure, anterior uveitis and conjunctivitis in chronic cases.

Treatment

• Beta lactam antibiotics followed by 2 weeks of doxycycline (patient with liver disease).

• Ampicillin • Penicillin sodium • Doxycycline

• Dialysis in oliguric cases. • IV fluid therapy in polyuric cases. • Adjust diet low in protein

Etiology

- caused by intracellular pathogen called:

Rickettsia (Gram –ve, bacterial)

Clinical signs

- Fever 39.5°C. - Lethargy, depression, anorexia. - Bruising.

- Epistaxis, hemoptysis, melena and hematuria. - Polyarthritis.

- Spotting - Generalized lymphadenopathy.

- Swelling of lips, scrotum, prepuce, ears, and extremities. - Dyspnea.

- Neurologic manifestations

Treatment

• IV fluid therapy. • Fresh whole blood or platelet transfusion.

• Analgesic. • Ivermectin • Antibiotic as doxycycline