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FOLKLORE/ORAL LITERATURE ORAL TRADITION
They relied on memory,
passed on from generation to generation,
to preserve their
culture,
history and
literature.
SPANS FROM 476 A.D. (fall of the Western Roman Empire)
TO THE 15th CENTURY (Florentine Renaissance).
The literature of this time was composed of religious writings as well as secular works.
Because of the wide range of time and place it is difficult to speak in general terms without oversimplification.
OLD ENGLISH:
SPANS FROM 41 A.D. (Romans start to leave Britain)
to 1066 (Norman Conquest).
MIDDLE ENGLISH:
FROM 1066
TO 15th CENTURY.
(ORAL/WRITTEN)
- Usual subjects: war, religion, human emotions.
- Within this frame we find the Arthurian Legend and
The Canterbury Tales.
At the same time, this topic is in every respect consistent with current legislation regulating Compulsory Secondary Education and Post-Compulsory Secondary Education alike, both at a national and regional level. This legislation is currently embodied in:
- LOMCE: 8/2013 (9TH DECEMBER)
- R.D. 1105/2014 (26TH DECEMBER) ESO + Bach Curriculum.
- R.D. 562/2017 (2nd JUNE) ESO + Bach Promotion.
- D. 110/2016 (14th JUNE) Bach.
- D. 111/2016 (14th JUNE) ESO.
- O. 14th /July/2016 - Attention to Diversity - evaluation: ESO + Bach in Andalucia.
Knowledge of this topic may enhance students' overal abilities in order that they achieve communicative competence, since it provides them with unvaluable information related to language awareness and sociolinguistic aspects.
The expressive and richly associative oral poetics survives the Conquest and continues to influence the production/reception of medieval English poetry.
Orality implies memorisation, and works were passed on from bard to bard, to be recited in towns/courts (that is to say, they were performative works).
Authorship in these times is almost non-existant. Most works are anonymous.
High levels of illiteracy. Christian monks were the first to write down the words of early literature, reflecting two cultures, of Christianity and of heroic deeds.
These written record present 3 main features proving the oral nature of the poems:
CAESURA: gap in the middle of each line, giving the verse rhythm.
ALLITERATION: repetition of sounds, deeply interwoven with oral production/reception.
REFRAIN: repetition of line(s) after stanzas.
Since the Norman Conquest,
the literature from Europe (France/Italy)
began to influence English writers
Desire to begin a purely English tradition on literature/history.
The first histories (by Bede 8th century, Nennius 9th century and Geoffrey of Monmouth 12th century)
created a sense of national historical and mythical identity.
Thus, the name of King Arthur became important as a figure from the dark past of history,
to later become a symbol of English history for many centuries.
1200 - Layamon
Brut - Adds the chivalric style.
2. Structure
1. Introduction
5. Features
3. Prologue
4. 24 tales
Chaucer, in his own time and ever since, has been recognised
as one of the greatest English poets.
His contemporaries and immediate successors praised him
for his art,
for the splendour of his verse, and
for being the first founder of the English language.
In the 18th and 19th century,
thanks to poets like Dryden or Poe,
to whom he influenced,
his humour began to be highly appreciated.
This work attempts to demonstrate that cultural preservation has long relied upon oral transmission and memorization of folksongs, religious poems and epics.
Literature, then, was conceived to be recited.
And it was this exercise of the oral transmission that greatly contributed to lay the foundations of the English Literature.
This work, then, introduces learners into the origins of English Literature and to make them aware that it is because of the oral tradition that we are now able to look back to medieval times and realise what life was like, how language and literature have evolved.
By the mid-14th century, Middle English had become the literary as well as the spoken language of England.
The works of Geoffrey Chaucer marked the brilliant culmination of Middle English literature.
The tales were cast into many different verse forms and genres and explored every significant medieval theme.
Chaucer's wise and true-to-life work also illuminates the full scope of medieval thought.