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A platform that supports and actively promotes the integration of other technologies, services, and platforms is known as a "open ecosystem".
A platform that only communicates with tools that are built into or compatible with it is referred to as a "closed system". In essence, it's a one-vendor, end-to-end solution.
Whether it's macOS, watchOS, or iOS, Apple is a closed system. The plus side of this is that it is extremely secure because not many individuals have access to the internal file system and kinds and because the software's encryption is anonymous. However, you miss out on a lot of creative possibilities and customizations. Additionally, you are unable to modify the software yourself. You would need to wait until Apple released a repair.
A system that allows users to modify it in accordance with their needs is one that improves over time since it is open and its development is independent of the organization that created it. Since Android is an open source project, there is a lot of rivalry to produce the greatest Android phone. People don't have to wait for a year cycle to get their desired demands met thanks to custom ROMs, which keep growing better all year long.
- Today, several GNU/Linux distributions are regarded as the safest and most reliable. On the other hand, Windows is regarded as the least reliable and secure of the three. Since Windows OS is the most widely used OS, the majority of malware is created to target it as well.
- Only Apple directly controls the systems that the OS runs on in terms of hardware. And some of the best hardware available is produced by Apple. For Windows and GNU/Linux, the quality of the hardware is entirely up to the user's choice or ability to purchase. The advantage of this situation is that the OS can be installed anywhere.
- Package managers are already installed on GNU/Linux and Mac systems by default. With the help of a package manager, you can easily install, update, and remove apps from the terminal by typing a few commands. There isn't a default package manager included with Windows. Installing one is necessary if you want one.
It isn't so much a matter of which is superior. What matters is whatever kind of system will enable you to accomplish your objectives.
An open ecosystem can connect the technologies you now use and expand with your business. You may easily and rapidly gain access to fresh, cutting-edge tools when new opportunities and challenges present themselves. Because there is always room for integration, you are never tied to a single vendor.
On the other hand, since everything is contained within one structure, a closed system may offer a larger capacity for problem-solving. While there is more uniformity across the board in terms of skills, your organization's expansion and access to tools may be constrained. Although closed system technologies may eventually gain additional capabilities, you usually won't have much of a voice in which capabilities are added.
https://blog.degreed.com/open-ecosystem-vs-closed/#:~:text=What's%20the%20Difference%3F,from%20end%2Dto%2Dend.
https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/an-introduction-to-operating-systems/
and Wikipedia