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Transcript

The Moral Agent

What is culture?

Culture

  • According to Chester Hunt, culture makes humans distinct from animals.

  • It is that which categorizes and distinguishes a group of people from another.

Its role in moral behavior

different cultures have different Moral codes.

In moral behavior

Moral agent

His role in Moral development

Three natures of man:

  • vegetative or Physical
  • Sentient or animal
  • Rational or mental

Culture relativism vs. Ethnocentrism

it claims that one culture is superior over others.

A belief which holds that there is no objective and universal truth in morality, only moral codes based on culture.

Why is cultural relativism not tenable in ethics?

Culture relativism not tenable in ethics

1.) standards of right or wrong becomes subjective.

2.) The claims of cultural relativists are inconsistent.

Philippine Culture and our moral lives

Philippine culture

According to Moga (2004), human life is always situated in culture, a culture that provides life with much of its structure and our human cultures guides us along particular ways of life.

RELIGION

Filipinos have remarkable manners of religious practices that make us unique God's followers.

FILIPINO CULTURE

HOSPITALITY

FRIENDLY OR COURTEOUS TREATMENT OF OTHERS. THE ACTIVITY OF PROVIDING SERVICES TO GUEST.

"PAKIKISAMA"

OUR ORIENTATION TO TAKE CARE OF OTHERS IS DEVELOPED. WE ALWAYS SUSTAIN A HARMONIOUS RELATIONSHIP WITH THEM.

AUTHORITY FIGURES

RESPECT FOR ELDERS AND IS EXTENDED NOT ONLY WITHIN THE FAMILY BUT TOWARDS OTHER PEOPLE IN SOCIETY.

SAVING "FACE"

SELF-IMAGE IS IMPORTANT AND WE EXERT EFFORT TO SAVE IT.

FAMILY

MANY FILIPINOS FEEL OBLIGATED TO SUPPORT THEIR FAMILIES IN WHATEVER FORMS.

CLEANLINESS

BECAUSE OF THIS VALUE, WE FEEL THAT ITS OUR OBLIGATION TO MAINTAIN A CLEAN BODY.

Moral character development & conscience

Moral development

Developing virtue as a habit

VIRTUE AS HABIT

  • Virtue is a trait of character manifested in habitual action.
  • virtues & vices
  • excess and deficiency
  • "what is the good in man?"

THEORIES

THEORIES ON RIGHTNESS AND OBLIGATION

1.) ETHICAL EGOISM- each person ought to do whatever will be best promote his or her own interest.

2.) UTILITARIANISM- we ought to do whatever will promote the greatest happiness for the greater number.

3.) KANT'S THEORY- our duty is to follow rules.

4.) SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY- mutual benefit.

STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

STAGES

  • By Kohlberg

  • extension of Jean Piaget's cognitive development.

  • moral development is a continual process that occurs throughout the lifespan.

1

Level 1: Pre- conventional

- Follows rules to avoid punishment.

STAGE 1: PUNISHMENT

DECISIONS MADE BY A PERSON IN THIS STAGE ARE BASED ON SELF INTEREST.

STAGE 2: EXCHANGE OF FAVOR

AN EXAMPLE OF THIS IS BLIND OBEDIENCE.

2

LEVEL 2: CONVENTIONAL

LIVES UP TO THE EXPECTATIONS OF OTHERS.

STAGE 3: GOOD BOY/ GOOD GIRL

MAKES A DECISION ON WHAT PLEASES OTHERS.

STAGE 4: law and order

PERSON ACTS ACCORDING TO PRESCRIBED LAWS.

3

LEVEL 3: PRINCIPLED

FOLLOWS INTERNALIZED UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE AND RIGHT.

STAGE 5: SOCIAL CONTRACT

STAGE 6: UNIVERSAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLE

MAY BE DESCIRBED AS A PERSON WHO CAN DISPLAY TOTAL SELF SACRIFICE FOR THE COMMON GOOD.

What is conscience?

the inner voice within man that helps him determine the good that must be done and the evil that must be shunned.

CONSCIENCE

the inner voice within a man that helps him determine the good that must be done and the evil that must be shunned.

Kinds

Correct or true

judges good as good and evil as evil.

Erroneous or false

it judges good as evil and evil as good.

Certain

it is based on a subjective assurance of an act that is lawful or unlawful.

Doubtful

it cannot form a definite judgement on a certain action because of doubt.

Scrupulous

it cannot form a definite judgement on a certain action because of fear to commit mistakes or evil acts.

Lax

manifested by indifferent acts in performing an act, either good or evil.

"Wala kang konsensya!"

Four ways to correct our conscience

1.) endlessly search for the real truth.

2.)consistently perform good acts.

3.)translate the principle of " doing good and avoiding evil."

4.) exercise our real and authentic freedom.

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