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Liberalism is a political philosophy worldwide founded on ideas of liberty and equality.
Liberalism first became a distinct political movement during the Age of Enlightenment and it was popular among philosophers and economist in the Western World.
Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on the...
Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally they support ideas and programmes such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, free markets, civil rights, gender equality.
Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher during the Enlightenment era of the late 18th century. His best known work is the Critique of Pure Reason and Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch.
Kant's most significant contribution to political philosophy and the philosophy of law is the doctrine of Rechtsstaat. According to this doctrine, the power of the state is limited in order to protect citizens from the arbitrary exercise of authority.
According to Kant – and it was the critical argument ...
According to Kant – and it was the critical argument of Perpetual Peace – the situation of international relations, its lawless condition, unstable power balances and especially the ever-present possibility of war endangered the republican state and made it difficult for liberal political orders to maintain their republican or liberal condition. Hence, he argued, it was the duty of the republican state to strive towards law-regulated international relations.
According to Moravcsik, ‘commercial liberalism’ focuses on ‘incentives created by opportunities for trans-border economic transactions’. This contemporary formulation attempts to make specific the causal mechanisms behind the inclination of economically liberal states to prefer peace to conflict.
Moravcsik said that ‘trade is generally a less costly means of accumulating wealth than war, sanctions or other coercive means’.
The ‘democratic peace’ thesis is the argument that liberal states do not fight wars against other liberal states. The specific causes of the ‘liberal peace’ have become the subject of robust research and discussion.
The two major contending theories focus on liberal institutions and liberal ideology respectively.
Liberal institutions include the broad franchi...
Liberal institutions include the broad franchise of liberal states and the need to ensure broad popular support; the division of powers in democratic states which produces checks and balances and the electoral cycle, which makes liberal leadership cautious and prone to avoid risk. But liberal institutions would tend to inhibit all wars, whereas liberal states have fought robust wars against non-liberal states.
In liberal International Relations theory, the state is not an actor but an institution constantly subject to capture and recapture, even construction and reconstruction’ by coalitions of socail actors. The theory has distinct variants which supply different motivations for action and which have different implications for security theory.
The contribution of liberalism to security is dense, specified and progressive.