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Evolution of Psychology
10
Clinical
Mind
Theory
Evolution of
Psychology
By: Leah Yechezkell
Pyschoanalytic
Sigmung Freud
Late 19th and Early 20th
Sigmund Freud
Freud's Ideas
- He was an Austrian neurologist.
- Freud created the Personality Structure.
- Id - pleasure principle
- Present at birth
- Primitive drives related to hunger, sex, agression and irrational impulses.
- Ego - reality principle
- Develops from Id and ensures that the impulses of Id are expressed in a manner acceptable in society.
- Superego - morality principle
- As you grow up you learn the moral standards and ideals you are taught, which is your Superego
- It is like your "Moral Compass"
Freud's Iceberg
Iceberg
Behaviorism
Behavior
John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner
Early to mid-20th centry
Their Ideas:
Watson and Skinner's Ideas
- Behaviorism was created as a response to Freud's ideas.
- Watson believed that observing human behavior was external rather than internal (Psychoanalytic).
- He emphasized responses to environmental stimuli and was considered very influential in the later establishment of psychology as a discipline.
- Skinner created Operant Conditioning
- How behavior is affected by its consequences.
- Reinforcement, both positive and negative, plus punishment.
B.F. Skinner Box
"The Skinner Box"
A machine that provided the rat with a food pellet after pressing the lever (positive reinforcement). The rat was able to stop mild shocks from the floor when pressing the lever (negative reinforcement). A great example of Operant Conditioning.
Bad Side of Behaviorism
Skinner’s deterministic behaviorism assumed that free will was an illusion and people could be manipulated through systems of rewards and punishments - these ideas were used by, for example, conversion therapists working to change the sexual orientation of homosexuals.
Dark side of Behaviorism
Humanism
Pysch
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Mid to late 20th Century
Their Ideas:
- Humanism was the reaction to both the Psychoanalytic perspective and Behaviorism thus often called "the third force."
- Believed that the focus of psychology should not be on observable behavior and how to manipulate it.(Behaviorism) Nor should it be on uncosncious motivation and how to understand it. (Pyschoanalytic perspective)
- Humanism emphasized the whole individual and stresses concepts such as free will, self-efficancy and self-actualization.
Abraham and Carl ROgers' Ideas
Hierarchy of needs
Maslow
Maslow created a hierarchy of needs. According to Maslow, we have five categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. In this theory, higher needs in the hierarchy begin to emerge when people feel they have sufficiently satisfied the previous need.
Client-Centered Therapy
Rogers
Rogers created a therapeutic technique known as client-centered therapy in which the therapist needed to display unconditional positive regard and empathy. He believed that experiencing therapy as a non-judgemental and supportive environment it would be a better time for the client.
Personality
Their Historical Legacy
Their Mark on the world
- Freud's work laid a foundation for others to build their own ideas on, some in agreement and others in opposition.
- He also changed people's understanding of humanity and personality.
- Watson also gave a new perspective and also allowed people to build upon it.
- He put emphasis on external behavior of people, use of fear and brought evidience based psychology.
- Skinner's concept of Operant Conditioning and reinforcement helped expand our knowledge of behavior.
Freud, Watson, Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers
- Maslow made a middle ground between Behaviorism and Humanism.
- Lastly, Rogers' client-centered therapy made a huge impact with it now being one of the most popular forms of therapy used.
Citations
Obviously the Google Slides
Google Images
https://www.simplypsychology.org
https://www.verywellmind.com/